A Complete Guide to Heraldry. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies

Fig. 180.—Cross crosslet fitched. Fig. 181.—Cross patée fitched.

      Of the hundreds of other varieties it may confidently be said that a large proportion originated in misunderstandings of the crude drawings of early armorists, added to the varying and alternating descriptions applied at a more pliable and fluent period of heraldic blazon. A striking illustration of this will be found in the cross botonny, which is now, and has been for a long time past, regularised with us as a distinct variety of constant occurrence. From early illustrations there is now no doubt that this was the original form, or one of the earliest forms, of the cross crosslet. It is foolish to ignore these varieties, reducing all crosses to a few original forms, for they are now mostly stereotyped and accepted; but at the same time it is useless to attempt to learn them, for in a lifetime they will mostly be met with but once each or thereabouts. A field semé of cross crosslets (Fig. 183) is termed crusilly.

Fig. 182.—Cross patée fitched at foot.	Fig. 183.—Crusilly.	Fig. 184.—Saltire.
Fig. 185.—Saltire engrailed.	Fig. 186.—Saltire invecked.	Fig. 187.—Saltire embattled.

      THE SALTIRE

      The saltire or saltier (Fig. 184) is more frequently to be met with in Scottish than in English heraldry. This is not surprising, inasmuch as the saltire is known as the Cross of St. Andrew, the Patron Saint of Scotland. Its form is too well known to need description. It is of course subject to the usual partition lines (Figs. 185–192).

      When a saltire is charged the charges are usually placed conformably therewith.

      The field of a coat of arms is often per saltire.

      When one saltire couped is the principal charge it will usually be found that it is couped conformably to the outline of the shield; but if the couped saltire be one of a number or a subsidiary charge it will be found couped by horizontal lines, or by lines at right angles. The saltire has not developed into so many varieties of form as the cross, and (e.g.) a saltire botonny is assumed to be a cross botonny placed saltireways, but a saltire parted and fretty is to be met with (Fig. 193).

      THE CHIEF

      The chief (Fig. 194), which is a broad band across the top of the shield containing (theoretically, but not in fact) the uppermost third of the area of the field, is a very favourite ordinary. It is of course subject to the variations of the usual partition lines (Figs. 195–203). It is usually drawn to contain about one-fifth of the area of the field, though in cases where it is used for a landscape augmentation it will usually be found of a rather greater area.

Fig. 188.—Saltire indented.	Fig. 189.—Saltire wavy.	Fig. 190.—Saltire nebuly.
Fig. 191.—Saltire raguly.	Fig. 192.—Saltire dovetailed.	Fig. 193.—Saltire parted and fretty.

      The chief especially lent itself to the purposes of honourable augmentation, and is constantly found so employed. As such it will be referred to in the chapter upon augmentations, but a chief of this character may perhaps be here referred to with advantage, as this will indicate the greater area often given to it under these conditions, as in the arms of Ross-of-Bladensburg (Plate II.).

      Knights of the old Order of St. John of Jerusalem and also of the modern Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England display above their personal arms a chief of the order, but this will be dealt with more fully in the chapter relating to the insignia of knighthood.

Fig. 194.—Chief.	Fig. 195.—Chief engrailed.	Fig. 196.—Chief invecked.
Fig. 197.—Chief embattled.	Fig. 198.—Chief indented.	Fig. 199.—Chief dancetté.
Fig. 200.—Chief wavy.	Fig. 201.—Chief nebuly.	Fig. 202.—Chief raguly.

      Save in exceptional circumstances, the chief is never debruised or surmounted by any ordinary.

      The chief is ordinarily superimposed over the tressure and over the bordure, partly defacing them by the elimination of the upper part thereof. This happens with the bordure when it is a part of the original coat of arms. If, however, the chief were in existence at an earlier period and the bordure is added later as a mark of difference, the bordure surrounds the chief. On the other hand, if a bordure exists, even as a mark of difference, and a chief of augmentation is subsequently added, or a canton for distinction, the chief or the canton in these cases would surmount the bordure.

      Similarly a bend when added later as a mark of