Blender For Dummies. Jason van Gumster

3D Viewport’s header before performing a transformation to see whether proportional editing is enabled.

        Extrude Individual: The Extrude Individual tool works like Extrude Along Normals, but your extruded components aren’t connected as a cohesive unit. Instead, in the case of faces, each face in your selection extrudes on its own along its own local normals.

        Extrude to Cursor: This tool gives you the fastest way to make a long series of extrusions. Say you’re modeling tree branches or the profile of a wine glass. The Extrude to Cursor tool is the way to go. Simply click in the 3D Viewport and your selection extrudes right to that point. If you hold down your mouse button, you can tweak the position of your extrusion as you go. Working this way is particularly useful when you’re doing a series of extrusions, one right after the other, such as when you’re roughing out a shape by “drawing” with vertices and edges. Technically, this tool’s feature is also available outside the tool system. While in Edit mode, if you Ctrl+right-click in the 3D Viewport, whatever you have selected is extruded to that location.

      

The Blender 27X keymap has a wide assortment of hotkeys for quickly accessing these extrude operators without using the Toolbar; however, most of those hotkeys are disabled in the new default keymap. Of course, you’re welcome to add your own hotkeys and add to the Quick Favorites menu to speed up your own workflow.

      For some simple examples of how to make a model using the extrude operator, visit the tutorials I’ve placed on www.blenderbasics.com.

Adding to a Scene

      There’s got to be more to life than that plain default cube, right? Indeed, there is. Blender offers a whole slew of primitives, or basic objects, to build from.

      

Anytime you add a new object in Blender, the origin of that object is located wherever you place the 3D cursor.

      Adding objects

To add a new object to your scene in Object mode, you can use the Add menu in the 3D Viewport’s header. However, I find it faster to hover my mouse cursor over the 3D Viewport and use the Shift+A hotkey. The menu that appears is the same as the Add menu at the top of the editor, but you don’t have to move your mouse as far to make a selection. Whichever way you choose to invoke the menu, you’re given the option of a wide variety of primitives to put into the scene. You have the following choices:

        Mesh: Meshes are polygon-based objects made up of vertices, edges, and faces. They’re the most common type of modeling object used in Blender. Chapter 5 goes into high detail on modeling with meshes. The majority of other types of primitives listed here are covered in Chapter 6.

        Curve: Curves are objects made up of curved or straight lines that you manipulate with a set of control points. Control points are similar to vertices, but you can edit them in a couple of ways that vertices can’t be edited. Blender has two basic forms of curves, Bézier curves and NURBS (Non-Uniform Relational B-Spline) curves. You can also use curves as paths to control other objects.

        Surface: A surface is similar to a mesh, but instead of being made up of vertices, edges, and faces, surfaces in Blender are defined by a set of NURBS curves and their control points.

        Metaball: Metaball objects are unique primitives with the cool ability to melt into one another and create a larger structure. They’re handy for a variety of effects that involve blobby masses, such as clouds or water, as well as quick, rough, clay-like models.

        Text: The text object allows you to bring type into your 3D scene and manipulate it like other 3D objects.

        Grease Pencil: Grease Pencil objects are an advanced version of Blender’s annotation feature that you can use to make 2D images and animations. Chapter 15 has a ton more on using Grease Pencil objects.

        Armature: Armature objects are skeleton-like structures that consist of linked bones. You can use the bones in an armature to deform other objects. Bones are particularly useful for creating the puppet-like controls necessary for character animation. There’s a lot more detail on armatures in Chapter 12.

        Lattice: Like armature objects, you can use lattices to deform other objects. They’re often used in modeling and animation to squash, stretch, and twist models in a non-permanent way.

        Empty: The unsung hero of Blender objects, Empties don’t show up in finished renders. Their primary purpose is merely to serve as a reference position, size, and orientation in 3D space. This basic purpose, however, allows them to work as very powerful controls.

        Image: Image objects are special kinds of Empties that can be used for background and reference images while you work.

        Light: Light objects are necessary for lighting your scene. Just like in the physical world, if you don’t have any light, you don’t see anything.

        Light Probe: Light probe objects are specific to Blender’s Eevee renderer. They’re used to capture indirect lighting and provide more realism to scenes rendered in Eevee. See Chapter 10 for more information on how to use light probe objects.

        Camera: Like real-world cameras, camera objects define the location and perspective from which you’re rendering your scene.

        Speaker: You can use a speaker object in your scene to create immersive 3D sound.

        Force Field: In the simplest terms, a force field is an Empty that acts like the source of some physical force such as wind or magnetism. Force fields are used primarily with Blender’s integrated physics simulation. I briefly touch upon force fields in Chapter 14.

        Collection Instance: A collection is a set of objects you define as being related to each other in some way. The objects in a collection don’t have to be the same type. Collections are handy for organization as well as appending sets of objects from external files.

      

When adding new objects, be aware of whether you’re in Object mode or Edit mode. If you add while in Edit mode, then your add options are limited to the type of object you’re editing. That is, if you’re in Edit mode on a mesh, you can add only new mesh primitives. Also, your new object’s data is joined with the object you’re editing. If you don’t want the object data to join, then make sure that you tab back to Object mode before adding anything new.

      Meet Suzanne, the Blender monkey

      Many 3D modeling and animation suites have a generic semi-complex primitive used for test renders, benchmarks, and examples that necessitate something a little more complex than a cube or sphere. Most of these other programs use the famous Utah teapot as their test model.

Blender has something a little more interesting and unique. Blender has a monkey head that’s affectionately referred to as Suzanne, a reference to the ape in two of Kevin Smith’s films: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back and Mallrats (close to the end). You can add Suzanne to your scene by pressing Add ⇒ Mesh ⇒ Monkey. If you look through the Blender community’s forums and much of Blender’s release documentation, you