Effective Writing in Psychology. Bernard C. Beins

have read in a class and the instructor teaching the class. Look through the syllabus for a topic that interests you. Unless the instructor has specifically identified a source as unreliable or a topic as off‐limits, these articles and textbooks could offer a number of possible paper topics. Additionally, your instructor is presumably knowledgeable about the topics covered in the class, so she or he can help you brainstorm research topics or questions. Although you probably will not cite these sources in your paper, both can be useful in the pre‐research stage, when you are still deciding which topic to explore.

During the process of choosing a topic, you might also rely on both scholarly and popular sources. Popular sources, such as newspapers, magazines, and many websites, provide brief overviews of scientific research. Journalists write for a lay audience, so they present information in a way that is easy to understand, and you can probably identify the article's main points without trouble. These sources often have sections on science and health, so you can skim through several different issues to find out what research is newsworthy. You can also find nonacademic resources specifically related to psychology, such as those listed in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Nonacademic Sources of Information Related to Psychology

Source	URL	Publisher
Monitor on Psychology	https://www.apa.org/monitor	American Psychological Association
APS Observer	https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer	Association for Psychological Science
The Psychologist	https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk	British Psychological Society
Scientific American Mind	https://www.scientificamerican.com/mind	Springer Nature

      Professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, and Society for Community Research and Action often have “Resource” pages within their websites, making them another useful place for pre‐research and preliminary research.

If a publication is not open access, you might find it through public and university libraries, either in hard copy or through internet databases such as LexisNexis. EBSCO, and Academic Search Premier. Through databases you can plug in keywords (such as “abnormal psychology” or “subliminal advertising”) or names of researchers and then skim through the results to see if any articles interest you.

      Remember, though, that popular sources that are not directly associated with professional organizations tend to focus on controversy and may ignore important information if it is not sensational, so you need to verify through scholarly sources any ideas you find in popular sources. This verification will also help you weed out studies that are pseudoscience or that fail to meet the standards of academic scholarship. (See Chapter 3 for more information about finding and evaluating sources.)

      Furthermore, be aware that popular sources frequently relay very current information, and journalists and websites may report on scientific work before the researchers have published an article in an academic journal. You might not be able to find an academic study referred to in an article or online, but one characteristic of academic scholarship is that it builds on previous research and writing. Consequently, if you come across an interesting study a popular source, you will most likely be able to find other research on this topic in academic journals.

      Even with the range of sources you consult for pre‐research, you might continue to have trouble thinking of topics or finding resources on a specific topic. Libraries can offer additional assistance in two ways. First, most libraries have one or more reference librarians, and some libraries make it possible for you to call or email questions to their librarians. Librarians are there to assist patrons, so don't hesitate to contact one for help with your research.

Additionally, university libraries generally have links to internet resources by topic or subject. If you do a Google search for “libguide” (standing for “library guide”), you will see such resources from different institutions. For example, within the Rutgers University Library website, there is a subject research guide at the following URL: http://libguides.rutgers.edu/index.php. If you click on the topic “Psychology/Behavioral Sciences,” you will be led to a series of tabs for items such as citation indexes, electronic journals, psychology organizations, and career and professional resources. For some of the links, only Rutgers students have access; however, other links are open to the general public, and if you are affiliated with a university, that university's library resources should be available to you. Other publicly available links, like the Open Directory Project (http://odp.org), lead you to an array of resources on a variety of topics, including psychology (listed under the “Science” heading).

      Preliminary research can lead you to popular sources, but it is also ideal for identifying a number of potentially relevant scholarly texts. Scholarly texts are those written by academics for other academics in that field. Thus, an encyclopedia entry on schizophrenia, because it is written for a general audience, is not a scholarly source, even though it may contain accurate information. The scholarly sources you want to find are those that either report the results of original research or that develop an argument based on others' academic research. Generally, you will find these sources in academic, or peer‐reviewed, journals.

      We recommend using your university library website when you start searching for scholarly sources. For many libraries, the default search bar—often found on the home page—covers everything you might be able to access: books, articles, DVDs, theses and dissertations, and perhaps archival collections. Limiting your search to the library catalog and article databases such as PsycINFO and Academic Search Complete/EBSCOhost are most likely to direct you to scholarly sources. The library catalog will offer results in print form: books located in the stacks, reference books, and occasionally government publications.

      There are too many journals being published for convenient listing in the library catalog. You can find titles and descriptions of specific journal articles through databases that libraries subscribe to. You can search through a database based on a variety of parameters: keywords, subject headings or descriptors, author's name, article title, and journal title. (See Chapter 4 for more information about research techniques.)

Through this pre‐research, you can develop a list of sources that might become part of your own paper. As you transition from preliminary research (the research to help you develop a research question or hypothesis once you've chosen a topic) to focused research (research for sources you will likely use as support), you will add to and revise this list. In the next two chapters we offer more detailed information about library and internet research, so please consult those chapters as you look for credible sources.

Recognizing Multiple Viewpoints