Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey Temple

was detected slightly above background levels in soil and surface water, but below recommended threshold levels. Sampling of the stream identified no heightened levels of heavy metals suggesting that contamination is currently contained within the range. Due to low levels of contamination, it was recommended that training activities could continue with no immediate requirement for remediation. Metal and energetic survey of Borris shooting range (Denmark) P de Lasson Chapter 11 Live-fire training is essential to maintain defence capability; however, contamination of soil and groundwater caused by munitions constituents has incurred large clean-up costs and inhibited the sale or reuse of contaminated areas. With increasing public awareness and the introduction of more stringent environmental legislation it is necessary to avoid and mitigate further contamination where possible. This chapter outlines some of the innovative solutions developed to prevent migration of energetic materials and metals contamination from the source to receptors such as fixed and mobile burn pans, absorptive membranes and in situ remediation methods. Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition (ST, RM, SB, MRW) (Canada and USA) S Thiboutot, R Martel, S Brochu, M R Walsh Chapter 12 The Brazilian Army stores and disposes of ammunitions in a handful of depots and, considering that continuous disposal of explosives can impact the environment, this work shows the results of almost ten years of continuous environmental assessment of soil, groundwater and vegetation of the largest Brazilian Army depot. Environmental assessment at a Brazilian army site (Brazil) M E S Marques, E F Galante, M de M Reis, M C Barbosa Chapter 13 Bushfire management (Australia) L Brennan The Australian Department of Defence manages 150 parcels of land that are prone to bushfires. These areas require careful management to ensure human life and property are protected in an environmentally sustainable way while maintaining defence capability. This chapter outlines the Australian Department of Defence approach to bushfire management, which must ensure safety, comply with governmental and defence policy and consider public perception. Case studies of wildfire incidents are given to demonstrate how improvements in land management can reduce environmental and safety risks. Section 4 Environmental considerations in munition design Chapter 14 The requirement for munitions to be high performing, safe to handle and have low environmental impact often requires a trade-off in properties. For example, insensitive high explosives meet the required safety profile, but have been found to deposit more residue on ranges through low order detonations compared to their predecessors. On the other hand, it may be possible to improve the environmental performance of current formulations during the manufacturing process, but the safety profile would remain the same. With many, often contradictory, factors to consider it can be difficult to make an informed decision on which formulation to use. This chapter describes the development and use of a decision matrix tool to select an explosive candidate to replace in-service formulations that most successfully meets the safety, environmental and performance criteria. Greener or insensitive munitions: Selecting the best option (Canada) S Brochu

      References

[1] ISO - International Organization for Standardization 1996 ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems—Specification with Guidance for Use (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization)

[2] ISO - International Organization for Standardization 2006 ISO 14040 International Standard Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organisation for Standardization)

[3] Johnson M S and Salice C J 2009 Ecotoxicology of Explosives ed G I Sunahara, G Lotufo, R G Kuperman and J Hawari (CRC Press)

[4] Ryu H, Han J K, Jung J W, Bae B and Nam K 2007 Human health risk assessment of explosives and heavy metals at a military gunnery range Environ. Geochem. Health 29 259–69

[5] Pennington J C, Jenkins T F, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S and Brannon J M Technical report 2003 Distribution and Fate of Energetics on DoD Test and Training Ranges Interim Report 3 http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA417819

      IOP Publishing

      Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges

      Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman

      Chapter 1

      Scientific principles of environmental management

      I Bortone, F Coulon, W Fawcett-Hirst, M Ladyman and T Temple

      Military training ranges are essential for live-fire training; however, with increasingly stringent environmental legislation it is also necessary to ensure that the environmental impact of live-fire activities is mitigated and managed. The environmental impact of live-fire training includes noise nuisance, heavy metal contamination and land degradation. For a long time it was thought that explosive residue from live-fire training was limited as all materials would be consumed during detonation, but research has shown that a significant amount of explosive residue may be deposited during partial detonations and through unexploded ordnance. In addition, contamination of soil and groundwater resulting from explosive residue deposition at training ranges is now well documented. Therefore, knowledge of the explosives likely to be deposited at training ranges and their behaviour in the environment is essential in order to appropriately mitigate or manage their impact. This chapter outlines how simple conceptual models can be used to summarise the training range environment including soil types, geology, hydro-geology and topography in order to link training activities to potential receptors such as ecosystems, humans and animals. An overview of the impact of commonly used explosives in the environment, and how computational and experimental methods can be used to determine and predict the behaviour of contaminants in the environment is also given.

1.1 Introduction

      Military training ranges are essential to maintaining defence capability and environmental issues need to be appropriately managed to ensure continuing legal compliance and training capacity [1]. Severe contamination incidents, such as groundwater contamination, arising from poorly managed sites may result in a limitation on activities such as use of particular munitions [2] or closure of the site. In addition, many training ranges may undergo a change of use, or release to the public, which under current law would require the site to be returned to its original state [3]. In some cases, the cost of remediation may be so great that it is more economical to continue to maintain