The Soccer Coach. Marco Bruno

finally the intensity (defined as execution and loading speed).

      (Ehlenz, Grosser, Zimmermann, 1983)

EXPLORATIONexperimentation	SETTINGassimilation	STABILIZATIONautomation
8-12 years	13-15 years	16-20 years
Tactical feeling and technical ability	Tactical and technical behavior	Tactics (sense of position) and technique

      According to Martin (1982) sensitive phases find their moments of greater improvement in the ages indicated by the following diagrams.

      It is not possible to train the coordinative and conditional abilities that have the same effectiveness at any age: no capacity can be exercised in the same measure at any age (Israel 1976).

      With entry into puberty, there are decreases in performance or stagnation in the coordinating field (Sharma, 1993).

      In boys with delayed development, are found coordination results better than those with early or normal development.

      The periods of development in which trainability is very favorable for a certain motor capacity or class of sporting tasks (for example development of joint mobility, improvement of sporting technique), should be considered as sensitive phases for that class of tasks. We must pay close attention to the fact that there is an equal sensitivity between adequate and inadequate training methods. If you do not use the most favorable childhood years for the formation of coordination and sports technique, or you allow them to form wrong athletic behavior, the negative consequences will certainly be more conspicuous and therefore more lasting than in other periods.

      Let's analyze what are the skills to be developed in the young athlete

      Neutral capacity

      Aerobic resistance

      It is possible to develop it from pre-school age to be continued in the subsequent evolutionary stages, until reaching the period of "thrust" puberty that according to current knowledge seems to be the most favorable.

      Early capacities

       Coordinative

       Rapid reaction and motor frequency

       Articular mobility

       Motor learning (with learning tasks that do not require high assumptions of maximum force or relative force),

      Intermediate capacities

      Toward the end of the primary school period and throughout the first pubertal phase, they should be considered with increasing attention:

       Articular mobility

       Quick force

       Force resistance (in natural load)

       Speed of movement, of locomotion and acceleration,

      Late capacity

       Maximum force

       Anaerobic resistance

       Quick force against oppositions

       Resistance to force against oppositions.

      Growth, development and maturation are terms that describe the changes that occur in the body until reaching adulthood:

       Growth refers to an increase in the overall size of the organism or any part of the body.

       Development refers to the differentiation of cells following functional specialization lines and the skills achieved in dealing with situations (skills, abilities, personality).

       Maturation refers to the process of achieving the biological condition of adulthood and complete functionality; takes place in a long time, refers to:

      - chronological age;

      - skeletal age;

      - state of sexual maturation. Physiological maturity in girls occurs 2-3 years earlier than boys.

      Synthetically the indicators useful for determining the growth of the young are:

      Growth Body size

      Development Acquired skills

      Maturation Biological conditions

      Specialists in the growth and development sector have spent a lot of time studying the changes in stature and weight that accompany growth. Growth in height is very rapid in the first two years of life,

      At 2 years the child reaches 50% of his height as an adult. The rate of growth is then much slower in childhood, but just before puberty the stature increases dramatically,

      the peak of the growth rate occurs:

      - about 11,4 years for girls;

      - about 13,4 years for boys;

      the achievement of the final height occurs:

      - about 16-17 years for girls;

      - about 18-20 years for boys;

      The peak of body weight increase occurs:

      - about 12.5 years for girls;

      - about 14,5 years for boys;

      Bones, joints, cartilages and ligaments form the support of the body structure; bones provide muscle insertion points, protect delicate tissues and represent calcium and phosphorus deposits. Between 14 and 22 years membranes and cartilages are transformed into bone. In an equally long time, between 13 and 20 years, the complete ossification of the different bones takes place. The prepubescent age is the most suitable for strengthening the bones in response to the stimulus of physical activity.

      Muscle mass increases regularly from birth to adolescence following weight gain. The girls reach the maximum of muscle development between 16 and 20 years, boys between 18 and 25.

      But we will talk about all these topics in a more specific way when we deal with the various motor skills.

      For information, I report two graphs on the frequency of injuries to the back and knees in the young age caused by inadequate training. Age between 10 and 18 years

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRAINING

      The physical condition

      The human organism can increase its functional capacities to a considerable extent through the physiological process of training.

      When our body is subjected to a physical exercise of certain intensity, reactions immediately occur:

      - increase in heart beats;

      - increase in respiratory rhythm;

      - increase in depth of breaths;

      - increase of secretion of sweat.

      These reactions occur regardless of the physical condition of the subject even if the latter can determine the behavior and the entity. These are temporary changes because as soon as physical exercise ceases, these changes also regress and in a short time the body returns to its normal state. The time frame for returning to normal is usually shorter, the higher the condition of the individual.

      The term “physical condition” indicates the particular state for which the athlete is in the best disposition, from a physical point of view, to perform a specific performance.

      One