The Soccer Coach. Marco Bruno

must not involve risks to the health and future growth of the young person;

      - joy and serenity must always be placed in the foreground: therefore avoid tiring, monotonous and repetitive workouts (this does not mean that you cannot repeat exercises already carried out);

      - young people must always be able to draw constructive and socializing experiences from training;

      - along with soccer young people must be able to pursue other interests especially at a cultural level.

      The coach of the youth sector must know how to recognize a potential soccer player by evaluating his skills and competences related to:

      TECHNIQUE:

      - global attitude to movement;

      - sensitivity to ball contact and skill in its control;

      - good attitude to defend the ball in certain game situations.

      TACTICS

      - sense of orientation;

      - promptness in the ability to judge on the advance planning of offense and defending play moves.

      PERSONALITY QUALITIES:

      - ability to impose himself;

      - resoluteness of purpose;

      - constancy of will;

      - good social behavior;

      - modesty in knowing how to put oneself at the service of others.

      PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

      - physical constitution which reveals an adequate and regular development;

      - potential athletic skills.

      Training young people means above all being able to correctly implement all the phases of the general education strategy:

      - knowledge of the student in reference to his motor development;

      - knowledge of educational problems in different age groups;

      - continuous evaluation of the variations induced in the personality and maturation of the young, from the environmental influence and from the physical-motor educational action.

      Especially for young people up to 14/15 years, the coach must follow as closely as possible the principle of versatility.

      The versatility is the main way to make the students undertake a serious, correct and valid start up to the sport; It requires:

      - analytical interventions (development of auditory and visual perception, sensory-motor coordination, of fine movements);

      - global interventions (multivariate sequences, mixed paths, multipurpose games, team games);

      - timely interventions (the right thing at the right time).

      Effects of some sports on young people

SPORT	EFFECT
swimming	Increase of laxity
running	Limitation of mobility in some joints
Tennis-fencing	Asymmetrical training
soccer	Lower limb imbalances

      (G. Frohner, 2002)

      This would lead us to think that all these activities can guarantee a complete development of the individual.

      This is not true if we do not organize the activities so that they are integrated with each other without one being predominant over the other. Reason for which it is always advised, with regard to the formation of a soccer player, to implement multi-purpose activities especially in prepubescent and puberty age regardless of the sport that the individual is practicing. It is therefore important that the training proposals are inclusive of all factors (without forgetting which the main activity is)

COACH RESPONSIBILITIES

      Many coaches, because they offer their time for free, think they’re not responsible for the growth and health of the guys who train, but only for the sporting result of their action. The coach of youth teams is instead considered responsible for the psychological damage that can cause to young people and especially the physical damage caused by negligence or non-knowledge: managers (co-responsible) should remember to always inform the coach of his responsibilities before start his work.

      It would be important at least to know that there are phases of growth in which different characteristics and coordination skills are developed; they’re called SENSITIVE PHASES

      Sensitive phases

      Stages of greater sensitivity of different motor skills and psychophysical qualities in the ages of six to fifteen.

       Between 5 and 9/10 years the basic motor schemes are achieved; precision in movements has increased

       Between 6 and 8 years improves balance quickly

       Between 7 and 10 years improves speed of movement

       Between 8 and 10 years the attitude to predict the speed and direction of moving objects grows

       Between 9 and 10 years the maximum step frequency is reached

       Between 9 and 11 years advances in sensory-motor coordination (eye-hand and eye-foot general dynamics) are obtained

       Between 11 and 12 years the development of lateralization is completed

       Between 12 and 18 years the muscle force doubles; for girls after 13 it does not substantially increase

       Up to 14 years avoid passive mobility exercises, practically those performed with the help of others

       After 10 years training for muscle stretching and mobility begins

      Phases of sports training

      Before listing the various phases of sports preparation it is necessary to remember that the chronological ages indicated are purely schematic; in the juvenile preparation it is much more serious and correct to consider the biological ages of the various subjects.

Stages or levels	All sports activities	Soccer in particular
6-10 years	Preliminary general preparation	Me and the ball
10-13 years	Beginning for starting-up sport	Me, the ball, the partner
13-15 years	Training specialized in a sport	Me, the ball, the partners, the opponents
15-18 years	Sport improvement:1. Area of the first great successes;2. Zone of optimal possibilities;3. Zone of stabilization of maximum performance.	The team

      These indications are important in order to establish what the training proposals are and to be able to plan the activities

      Principle of the finalized load

Training phases	General motor training	Specific conditional training	Special training	competitions
Basic training8-10 years	30%	20%	40%	10%
Construction training 10-13 years	10%	25%	45%	20%
High level training 13-15	10%	20%	35%	35%
Very high level training 15-18	0%	25%	35%	40%

      (Schonborn, 1984)

      The road to be followed in youth training is to gradually increase the load. The training stimuli must be applied progressively and appropriately to development.

      The recommended methodological sequence is to increase:

      - first the frequency of training (defined as number of sessions);

      - then the volume (defined as quantity of