Империя хлопка. Всемирная история. Свен Беккерт

Slave Life in Georgia: A Narrative of the Life, Sufferings, and Escape of John Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Now in England: Electronic Edition, ed. Louis Alexis Chamerovzow (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001), 11, 27, 171–72 http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jbrown/jbrown.html, исходная публикация 1854 г.; Henry Bibb, Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himsefl: Electronic Edition (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000), 132, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bibb/bibb.html.

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      William Rathbone VI to Rathbone Brothers, 2 February 1849, RP/ XXIV.2.4, File of Correspondence, Letters from William Rathbone VI while in America, Rathbone Papers, Special Collections and Archives, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; The Liverpool Chronicle цит. по: Bremer Handelsblatt 93 (1853): 6.

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      Эта тема целиком излагается в John Casper Branner, Cotton in the Empire of Brazil: The Antiquity, Methods and Extent of Its Cultivation, Together with Statistics of Exportation and Home Consumption (Washington, DC: Goverment Printing Office, 1885), 25–27 и особенно Luiz Cordelio Barbosa, “Cotton in 19th Century Brazil: Dependency and Development” (PhD dissertation, University of Washington, 1989), 7, 9, 65; Eugene W. Ridings Jr., “The Merchant Elite and the Development of Brazil: The Case of Bahia during the Empire,” Journal ofInteramerican Studies and World Affairs 15, no. 3 (August 1973): 343; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 694; это важное соображение тщательно исследовано в Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South,” 55; см. также: Chaplin, “Creating a Cotton South,” 193.

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      По 400 фунтов в тюке. Цифры взяты из Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom, 129.

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      Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth, 7–10.

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      Bonnie Martin, “Slavery’s Invisible Engine: Mortgaging Human Property,” Journal of Southern History 76, no. 4 (November 2010), 840–41.

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      C. Wayne Smith and J. Tom Cothren, eds., Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), 103, 122; О различном происхождении американского хлопка см. также: Whitemarsh B. Seabrook, A Memoir of the Origin, Cultivation and Uses of Cotton (Charleston, SC: Miller & Browne, 1844), 15; John H. Moore, “Cotton Breeding in the Old South,” Agricultural History 30 (1956): 97; Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom, 35; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 691.

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      American Cotton Planter 2 (May 1854): 160.

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      W. E. B. DuBois, The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States ofAmeri-ca (New York: General Books LLC, 2009), 140; Edgar T. Thompson, Plantation Societies, Race Relations, and the South: The Regimentation of Population: Selected Papers of Edgar T. Thompson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 217; Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, “Slave Productivity on Cotton Production by Gender, Age, Season, and Scale”; www.iga.ucdavis.edu/Research/ all-uc/conferences/spring-2010, доступ 11 июня 2012 г.; Bailey, “The Other Side of Slavery,” 36.

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      Caitlin C. Rosenthal, “Slavery’s Scientific Management: Accounting for Mastery,” in Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, eds., Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History ofAmerican Economic Development, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, forthcoming, 2015); Frederick Law Olmstead, A Journey in the Back Country (Williamstown, MA: Corner House, 1972), 153–54, исходная публикация 1860 г.; Bill Cooke, “The Denial of Slavery in Management Studies,” Journal of Management Studies 40 (December 2003): 1913. Совсем недавно важность «биологических инноваций» была отражена в Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, “Biological Innovation and Productivity Growth in the Antebellum Cotton Economy,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14 142, June 2008; Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Убедительный критический разбор также можно найти в Edward Baptist, “The Whipping-Machine” (unpublished paper, Conference on Slavery and Capitalism, Brown and Harvard Universities, March 10, 2011, находится у автора). О важности снижения цен для завоевания господства на рынках см.: Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta, “Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850,” Center for Economic Policy Research (April 12, 2005), http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1626/papers/Broadberry.pdf.

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      См.: по этой теме Philip McMichael, “Slavery in Capitalism: The Rise and Demise of the U.S. Ante-Bellum Cotton Culture,” Theory and Society 20 (June 1991): 335; о концепции социального метаболизма см., например: Juan Martinez Alier and Inge Ropke, eds., Recent Developments in Ecological Economics (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008); Dale W. Tomich, Through the Prism of Slavery (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 61.

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      Gray, History of Agriculture, 688; Eugene Genovese, “Cotton, Slavery and Soil Exhaustion in the Old South,” Cotton History Review 2 (1961): 3–17; о ценах на рабов см.: Adam Rothman, “The Domestic Slave Trade in America: The Lifeblood of the Southern Slave System,” in Johnson, ed., The Chattel Principle, 95; о Клэе см.: Savannah Unit Georgia Writers’ Project, Work Projects Administration in Georgia, “The Plantation of the Royal Vale,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 27 (March 1943): 97–99. Анализ прибыльности рабства см.: Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross. The Economics ofAmerican Negro Slavery (Boston: Little Brown & Cº, 1974).

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      Samuel Dubose and Frederick A. Porcher, A Contribution to the History of the Huguenots ofSouth Carolina (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1887), 19, 21; Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 91; Coclanis and Ford, “The South Carolina Economy Reconstructed and Reconsidered,” 97; Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth, 10; Daniel W.Jordan to Emily Jordan, Plymouth, August 3, 1833, in Daniel W.Jordan Papers, Special Collections Department, Perkins Library, Duke University.

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      Philo-Colonus, A Letter to S. Perceval on the Expediency of Imposing a Duty on Cotton Wool of Foreign Growth, Imported into Great Britain (London: J. Cawthorn, 1812), 9; Lowell Joseph Ragatz, Statistics for the Study of British Caribbean Economic History, 1763–1833 (London: Bryan Edwards Press, 1927), 16; Planters’ and Merchants’ Resolution Concerning Import of Cotton Wool from the United States, 1813, in Official Papers of First Earl of Liverpool, Add. Mss. 38 252, f. 78, Manuscript Collections, Liverpool Papers, British Library; John Gladstone, Letters Addressed to the Right Honourable The Earl of Clancarty, President of the Board of Trade, on the Inexpediency of Permitting the Importation of Cotton Woolfrom the United States During the Present