Макроэкономика. Григорий Вечканов

Читать онлайн.
Название Макроэкономика
Автор произведения Григорий Вечканов
Жанр Прочая образовательная литература
Серия Краткий курс (Питер)
Издательство Прочая образовательная литература
Год выпуска 0
isbn 978-5-388-00461-1



Скачать книгу

версию на ЛитРес.

      Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.

      Примечания

      1

      Объем выпуска и занятости отклоняется от своего естественного уровня в результате шоков – резких изменений AD(резкие колебания потребительского и инвестиционного спроса; изменение предложения денег и т. д.) и шоков предложения (резкий рост цен на нефть, стихийные бедствия и т. д.).

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