Глоссариум по искусственному интеллекту: 2500 терминов. Том 2. Александр Юрьевич Чесалов

reality technologies are visualization technologies based on adding information or visual effects to the physical world by overlaying graphic and/or sound content to improve user experience and interactive features105.

      Auto Associative Memory is a single layer neural network in which the input training vector and the output target vectors are the same. The weights are determined so that the network stores a set of patterns. As shown in the following figure, the architecture of Auto Associative memory network has «n’ number of input training vectors and similar «n’ number of output target vectors106.

      Autoencoder (AE) is a type of Artificial Neural Network used to produce efficient representations of data in an unsupervised and non-linear manner, typically to reduce dimensionality107.

      Automata theory – the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics (a subject of study in both mathematics and computer science). Automata theory (part of the theory of computation) is a theoretical branch of Computer Science and Mathematics, which mainly deals with the logic of computation with respect to simple machines, referred to as automata108,109.

      Automated control system – a set of software and hardware designed to control technological and (or) production equipment (executive devices) and the processes they produce, as well as to control such equipment and processes110.

      Automated planning and scheduling (also simply AI planning) is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences, typically for execution by intelligent agents, autonomous robots and unmanned vehicles. Unlike classical control and classification problems, the solutions are complex and must be discovered and optimized in multidimensional space. Planning is also related to decision theory111.

      Automated processing of personal data – processing of personal data using computer technology112.

      Automated reasoning is an area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. The study of automated reasoning helps produce computer programs that allow computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub-field of artificial intelligence, it also has connections with theoretical computer science, and even philosophy113.

      Automated system is an organizational and technical system that guarantees the development of solutions based on the automation of information processes in various fields of activity114.

      Automation bias is when a human decision maker favors recommendations made by an automated decision-making system over information made without automation, even when the automated decision-making system makes errors115.

      Automation is a technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human intervention116.

      Autonomic computing is the ability of a system to adaptively self-manage its own resources for high-level computing functions without user input117.

      Autonomous artificial intelligence is a biologically inspired system that tries to reproduce the structure of the brain, the principles of its operation with all the properties that follow from this118,119.

      Autonomous car (also self-driving car, robot car, and driverless car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving with little or no human input120.

      Autonomous is a machine is described as autonomous if it can perform its task or tasks without needing human intervention121.

      Autonomous robot is a robot that performs behaviors or tasks with a high degree of autonomy. Autonomous robotics is usually considered to be a subfield of artificial intelligence, robotics, and information engineering122.

      Autonomous vehicle is a mode of transport based on an autonomous driving system. The control of an autonomous vehicle is fully automated and carried out without a driver using optical sensors, radar and computer algorithms123.

      Autoregressive Model is an autoregressive model is a time series model that uses observations from previous time steps as input to a regression equation to predict the value at the next time step. In statistics and signal processing, an autoregressive model is a representation of a type of random process. It is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, etc.124.

      Auxiliary intelligence – systems based on artificial intelligence that complement human decisions and are able to learn in the process of interacting with people and the environment.

      Average precision is a metric for summarizing the performance of a ranked sequence of results. Average precision is calculated by taking the average of the precision values for each relevant result (each result in the ranked list where the recall increases relative to the previous result)125.

      Ayasdi is an enterprise scale machine intelligence platform that delivers the automation that is needed to gain competitive advantage from the company’s big and complex data. Ayasdi supports large numbers of business analysts, data scientists, endusers, developers and operational systems across the organization, simultaneously creating, validating, using and deploying sophisticated analyses and mathematical models at scale126.

      «B»

      Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is a gradient-based technique for training certain types of recurrent neural networks. It can be used to train Elman networks. The algorithm was independently derived by numerous researchers127.

      Backpropagation, also called «backward propagation of errors,» is an approach that is commonly used in the training process of the deep neural network to reduce errors128.

      Backward Chaining, also called goal-driven inference technique, is an inference approach that reasons backward from the goal to the conditions used to get the goal. Backward chaining inference is applied in many different fields, including game theory, automated theorem proving, and artificial intelligence129.

      Bag-of-words model in computer vision. In computer vision, the bag-of-words

105

Технологии дополненной реальности [Электронный ресурс] https://dzen.ru URL: https://dzen.ru/a/Y_yfdHIFHgahdc-6 (дата обращения 04.07.2023)

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Auto Associative Memory [Электронный ресурс] www.tutorialspoint.com URL: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_neural_network/artificial_neural_network_associate_memory.htm#:~:text= These%20kinds%20of%20neural%20networks, with%20the%20given%20input%20pattern (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)

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Autoencoder [Электронный ресурс] https://neurohive.io URL: https://neurohive.io/ru/osnovy-data-science/avtojenkoder-tipy-arhitektur-i-primenenie/ (дата обращения: 28.01.2022)

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Automata theory [Электронный ресурс] https://vvsu.ru URL: https://www.vvsu.ru/files/529128A0-237E-434E-8B31-4553FB108EF2.ppt (дата обращения: 28.01.2022)

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Automata theory [Электронный ресурс] www.geeksforgeeks.org URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-theory-of-computation/ (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)

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Автоматизированная система управления [Электронный ресурс] https://safe-surf.ru URL: https://safe-surf.ru/glossary/ru/599613 (дата обращения: 24.03.2023)

111

Automated planning and scheduling [Электронный ресурс] https://researcher.watson.ibm.com URL: https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=8432 (дата обращения: 28.01.2022)

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Автоматизированная обработка персональных данных [Электронный ресурс] URL: https://10.rkn.gov.ru/docs/10/Pravila_obrabotki_PD.pdf (дата обращения: 24.03.2023)

113

Automated reasoning [Электронный ресурс] https://techtarget.com URL: https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/automated-reasoning (дата обращения: 18.02.2022)

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Автоматизированная система [Электронный ресурс] https://prezi.com URL: https://prezi.com/p/kjuyqjgiuaux/presentation/ (дата обращения: 24.03.2023)

115

Automation bias [Электронный ресурс] https://databricks.com URL: https://databricks.com/glossary/automation-bias#:~:text=Automation%20bias %20is%20an%20over, aids%20and%20decision %20support%20systems.&text= It%20is%20a%20human %20tendency, leaning %20towards%20%22automation%20bias%22 (дата обращения: 26.01.2022)

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Automation [Электронный ресурс] https://tis-eg.com URL: https://tis-eg.com/en/what-is-automation-mean/ (дата обращения: 24.03.2023)

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Autonomic computing [Электронный ресурс] https://www.accenture.com URL: https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/applied-intelligence/artificial-intelligence-glossary (дата обращения: 26.03.2023)

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Autonomous artificial intelligence [Электронный ресурс] https://books.google.ru URL: https://books.google.ru/books?id=_R5XEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT217&lpg=PT217&dq=Autonomous +artificial +intelligence+a+biologically+inspired+ system+that+tries+to+reproduce+ the+structure+of+ the+brain&source= bl&ots=NKsVUXEkc6&sig= ACfU3U23DpeuDH11ONr GFufhEpuVkLGsCw&hl =ru&sa=X&ved= 2ahUKEwiz0bqhnPn9Ah UCt4sKHQ5RCDoQ6AF6BAgvEAM#v =onepage&q=Autonomous %20artificial%20intelligence% 20a%20biologically%20inspired %20system%20that%20tries %20to%20reproduce% 20the%20structure %20of%20the%20brain&f=false (дата обращения: 26.03.2023)

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Автономный искусственный интеллект https://stepik.org URL: https://stepik.org/lesson/292708/step/2 (дата обращения: 26.03.2023)

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Autonomous car [Электронный ресурс] https://synopsys.com URL: https://www.synopsys.com/automotive/what-is-autonomous-car.html (дата обращения: 28.01.2022)

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Autonomous [Электронный ресурс] https://www.telusinternational.com URL: https://www.telusinternational.com/insights/ai-data/article/50-beginner-ai-terms-you-should-know (дата обращения: 26.03.2023)

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Autonomous robot [Электронный ресурс] https://techopedia.com URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/32694/autonomous-robot (дата обращения: 28.01.2022)

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Автономное транспортное средство [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Автономный_транспорт (дата обращения: 24.03.2023)

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Autoregressive Model [Электронный ресурс] https://wiki.loginom.ru URL: https://wiki.loginom.ru/articles/autoregressive-model.html (дата обращения: 08.02.2022)

125

Average precision [Электронный ресурс] https://jonathan-hui.medium.com URL: https://jonathan-hui.medium.com/map-mean-average-precision-for-object-detection-45c121a31173 (дата обращения: 28.01.2022)

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Ayasdi [Электронный ресурс] https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com URL: https://www.predictiveanalyticstoday.com/ayasdi/ (дата обращения: 20.06.2023)

127

Backpropagation through time [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation_through_time (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)

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Backpropagation [Электронный ресурс] https://www.guru99.com URL: https://www.guru99.com/backpropogation-neural-network.html (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)

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Backward Chaining [Электронный ресурс] www.educba.com URL: https://www.educba.com/backward-chaining (дата обращения 11.03.2022)