Глоссариум по искусственному интеллекту: 2500 терминов. Том 2. Александр Юрьевич Чесалов

making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI. To call a problem AI-complete reflects an attitude that it would not be solved by a simple specific algorithm42.

      AI-enabled – using AI and equipped with AI, for example, AI-enabled tools – tools with AI (see also AI-enabled device).

      AI-enabled device is a device supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) system, such as an intelligent robot.

      AI-enabled device is a device supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) system, such as an intelligent robot (see also AI-enabled healthcare device)43.

      AI-enabled healthcare device is an AI-enabled device for healthcare (medical care), see also AI-enabled device.

      AI-enabled healthcare device is an AI-enabled healthcare device44.

      AI-enabled is hardware or software that uses AI-enabled AI, such as AI-enabled tools.

      AI-optimized – optimized for AI tasks; AI-optimized chip, for example, an AI-optimized chip is a chip optimized for AI tasks (see also artificial intelligence).

      AI-optimized is one that is optimized for AI tasks or optimized using AI tools, for example, an AI-optimized chip is a chip that is optimized for AI tasks.

      AlexNet – the name of a neural network that won the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge in 2012. It is named after Alex Krizhevsky, then a computer science PhD student at Stanford University. See ImageNet.45

      Algorithm – an exact prescription for the execution in a certain order of a system of operations for solving any problem from some given class (set) of problems. The term «algorithm» comes from the name of the Uzbek mathematician Musa Al-Khorezmi, who in the 9th century proposed the simplest arithmetic algorithms. In mathematics and cybernetics, a class of problems of a certain type is considered solved when an algorithm is established to solve it. Finding algorithms is a natural human goal in solving various classes of problems46.

      Algorithmic Assessment is a technical evaluation that helps identify and address potential risks and unintended consequences of AI systems across your business, to engender trust and build supportive systems around AI decision making47.

      AlphaGo is the first computer program that defeated a professional player on the board game Go in October 2015. Later in October 2017, AlphaGo’s team released its new version named AlphaGo Zero which is stronger than any previous human-champion defeating versions. Go is played on 19 by 19 board which allows for 10171 possible layouts (chess 1050 configurations). It is estimated that there are 1080 atoms in the universe48.

      Physical media is the physical material that is used to store or transmit information in a data transmission49.

      Ambient intelligence (AmI) represents the future vision of intelligent computing where explicit input and output devices will not be required; instead, sensors and processors will be embedded into everyday devices and the environment will adapt to the user’s needs and desires seamlessly. AmI systems, will use the contextual information gathered through these embedded sensors and apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to interpret and anticipate the users’ needs. The technology will be designed to be human centric and easy to use50.

      Analogical Reasoning – solving problems by using analogies, by comparing to past experiences51.

      Analysis of algorithms (AofA) – the determination of the computational complexity of algorithms, that is the amount of time, storage and/or other resources necessary to execute them. Usually, this involves determining a function that relates the length of an algorithm’s input to the number of steps it takes (its time complexity) or the number of storage locations it uses (its space complexity)52.

      Annotation is a metadatum attached to a piece of data, typically provided by a human annotator53.

      Anokhin’s theory of functional systems is a functional system consists of a certain number of nodal mechanisms, each of which takes its place and has a certain specific purpose. The first of these is afferent synthesis, in which four obligatory components are distinguished: dominant motivation, situational and triggering afferentation, and memory. The interaction of these components leads to the decision-making process54.

      Anomaly detection – the process of identifying outliers. For example, if the mean for a certain feature is 100 with a standard deviation of 10, then anomaly detection should flag a value of 200 as suspicious55,56.

      Anonymization – the process in which data is de-identified as part of a mechanism to submit data for machine learning57.

      Answer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems. It is based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, and answer set solvers – programs for generating stable models – are used to perform search58.

      Antivirus software is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and other malicious software like worms, trojans, adware, and more59.

      Anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends60.

      API-AS-a-service (AaaS) combines the API economy and software renting and provides application programming interfaces as a service61.

      Application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication among various components. A good API makes it easier to develop a computer program by providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer. An API may be for a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, or software library62.

      Application security is the process of making apps more secure by finding, fixing, and enhancing the security of apps. Much of this happens during the development phase, but it includes tools and methods to protect apps once they are deployed. This is becoming more important as hackers increasingly target applications with their attacks63.

      Application-specific integrated circuit

42

AI-complete [Электронный ресурс] https://dic.academic.ru URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/eng_rus/373471/AI (дата обращения: 27.01.2022)

43

AI-enabled device [Электронный ресурс] https://www.google.ru URL: https://www.google.ru/books/edition/Англо_русский_толковый/PxxgEAAAQBAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=AI-enabled+device&pg=PA30&printsec=frontcover (дата обращения 07.07.2023)

44

AI-enabled healthcare [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare (дата обращения: 27.04.2023)

45

AlexNet [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlexNet (дата обращения: 11.05.2023)

46

Алгоритм [Электронный ресурс] https://intuit.ru URL: https://intuit.ru/studies/courses/1122/167/lecture/4566 (дата обращения: 27.03.2023)

47

Algorithmic Assessment [Электронный ресурс] https://www.accenture.com URL: https://www.accenture.com/nz-en/services/applied-intelligence/ai-ethics-governance (дата обращения: 27.03.2023)

48

AlphaGo [Электронный ресурс] https://tadviser.ru URL: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Продукт:AlphaGo (дата обращения: 19.02.2022)

49

Physical media [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_media#:~:text= Physical%20media%20refers%20to%20the, such %20as%20weight%20and%20color (дата обращения 07.07.2023)

50

Ambient intelligence (AmI) [Электронный ресурс] https://infosys.com URL: https://www.infosys.com/insights/ai-automation/ambient-intelligence.html #:~:text=Ambient%20intelligence%20 (AmI) %20represents%20the, user’s %20needs%20and%20desires%20seamlessly (дата обращения: 31.07.2022)

51

Analogical Reasoning [Электронный ресурс] https://studme.org URL: https://studme.org/171664/logika/rassuzhdeniya_analogii_vidy_rassuzhdeniy_analogii (дата обращения: 19.02.2022)

52

Analysis of algorithms (AofA) [Электронный ресурс] https://aofa.cs.purdue.edu URL: https://aofa.cs.purdue.edu/#:~:text=Analysis%20of%20Algorithms%20(AofA)%20is,%2C%20combinatorial%2C%20and%20analytic%20methods (дата обращения: 18.02.2022)

53

Annotation [Электронный ресурс] https://appen.com URL: https://appen.com/ai-glossary/ (дата обращения 05.04.2020)

54

Теория функциональных систем Анохина [Электронный ресурс] https://uofa.ru URL: https://uofa.ru/teoriya-funkcionalnyh-sistem-teoriya-funkcionalnyh-sistem-p-k/ (дата обращения 03.07.2023)

55

Anomaly detection [Электронный ресурс] https://developers.google.com URL: https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#anomaly-detection (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)

56

Выявление аномалий [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Выявление_аномалий (дата обращения: 28.03.2023)

57

Анонимизация [Электронный ресурс] https://ru.wikipedia.org URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Анонимизация (дата обращения: 27.03.2023)

58

Answer set programming [Электронный ресурс] https://en.wikipedia.org URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_set_programming (дата обращения: 28.06.2023)

59

Antivirus software [Электронный ресурс] www.webroot.com (дата обращения: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.webroot.com/ca/en/resources/tips-articles/what-is-anti-virus-software

60

Anytime algorithm [Электронный ресурс] https://dic.academic.ru URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/eng_rus/423258/anytime (дата обращения: 27.01.2022)

61

API-AS-a-service [Электронный ресурс] www.sofokus.com (дата обращения: 07.07.2022) URL: https://www.sofokus.com/glossary-of-digital-business/#ABCD

62

Application programming interface (API) [Электронный ресурс] https://ibm.com URL: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/api (дата обращения: 19.02.2022)

63

Application security [Электронный ресурс] www.csoonline.com URL: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3315700/what-is-application-security-a-process-and-tools-for-securing-software.html (дата обращения: 07.07.2022)