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2 The Road to Sustainable Nanotechnology: Challenges, Progress, and Opportunities

       Sunita Chaudhary1, Nishith Patel1, and Jayvadan Patel2

       1 Arihant School of Pharmacy and Bio-Research Institute, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

       2 Nootan Pharmacy College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India

2.1 Introduction

      Advances in nanotechnology are generating novel nanomaterials (NMs) with extraordinary characteristics that can enrich and enhance the applicability of NMs in various sectors. As new uses are being explored on a daily basis in various diversified areas such as medicine, agriculture, automotive, and energy, it poses numerous challenges to environmental sustainability [1]. Application of NMs are improving energy conservation and increasing efficiency, productivity and profits of industrial and health sectors with lower environmental impact [2]. Using NMs in current technology can improve economic and environmental aspects with various applications. Simultaneously, it is accepted that the use of NMs increases the various challenges in human safety and regulations in various countries [3].

      In 2011, a group of researchers, students, and government staff from a multidisciplinary area came together to check the effect of science and engineering on developing a new path with sustainable future. This panel of scientists had done research on nanotechnology and correlated it to various aspects of sustainability such as society, environment, and economy [4]. The Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization (SNO) has come into existence with the aim to support the advances in sustainable nanotechnology. It also promotes the progression of scientific work in the field of nanotechnology for safety, environment, and health. However, every developing technology is required to be balanced between the benefits for human and its undesired effects on environment and life [5].

As advances in nanotechnology continue, the research is progressing on many issues regarding sustainability for next decades. Recent advances in nanotechnology report worldwide challenges in various applications such as purification of water, management of greenhouse effect, and manufacturing using green chemistry [6]. Because of the significant physicochemical properties of NMs, it gives us more effective solution for sustainable technologies. In comparison with bulk materials, NMs have effective larger surface area. The synthesis of NMs with incorporation