Dynamic Consultations with Psychiatrists. Jason Maratos

their future, and the cultural context (historical and contemporary) in which they live. The sections of this book do not correspond to any diagnostic category, although diagnoses are inevitably in the author's mind and are occasionally mentioned in the text.

The reader of this book will gain a sense of the wide range of difficulties doctors encounter and the challenges they face both in their personal emotional well‐being and in their relationships with the other professionals (seniors of the same discipline and those of other disciplines, such as psychology, nursing, and the various therapies) both within their hospital and also with other agencies.

      The ordering of the sections is arbitrary and does not imply order of severity or importance. The doctors have presented some but few patients with psychosis, though they have presented patients with psychotic and borderline symptomatology. The author has not engaged in an exhaustive consideration of the “right” diagnosis nor has he entered in the extensive professional dialogue (which justifiably exists) about the epistemological standing of various diagnostic categories, such as that of Borderline Personality Disorder. Where appropriate, mention of “borderline features” has been made.

      The reader may feel that some of the details in the histories is redundant. They may be right, but the histories are included that so that there is a seamless exposition, as much as possible, of how the conclusions of the consultation have been reached. The author hopes that the readers of this book will feel that they become part of the journey that the consultation process represents and may be able to use similar activities in their own work setting.

      Although this work has been developed with hospital psychiatrists, other mental health professionals such as psychologists, mental health nurses, occupational therapists, and social workers may find it useful because it is and, more so, as a prompt to develop similar activities in their work setting.

      Jason Maratos

Section I Affective Presentations

1 Depression

      Ms. A

      Introduction

      Ms. A is a 60‐year‐old woman, divorced housewife, and living with her daughter in her 30s, her son‐in‐law, and two grandsons (5 and 10 years old). Her eldest son and her youngest daughter, both in their 30s, live separately from her.

      History of Present Illness

      Ms. A met her ex‐husband in the city; he is a distant relative, 10 years her senior, working as restaurant staff. They were married in her early 20s after a courtship of 1 year. Her first two pregnancies were planned, whereas the third pregnancy was unplanned but wanted. There were no immediate postpartum depressive episodes. She found that her ex‐husband became aloof after the birth of their children; he supported the family financially but did not attend to his wife or their children, including the puerperal periods. He spent most of his time playing with birds (keeping birds as pets), gambling, and horse racing after work. There was no physical violence, but there was verbal aggression.

      Ms. A's mood deteriorated from the age of 26; she had frequent crying spells. Ms. A found it hard to cope with the care of three children on her own because there was no local relative or friend to support her. She feared any stepmother might maltreat her daughters if she divorced and her husband remarried. Ms. A feared that her own experience of being brought up may have been reenacted. She had decided to leave her husband when her elder daughter reached the age of 18.

      Ms. A's low mood was associated with initial and middle insomnia, fatigue, and fleeting suicidal ideas of jumping onto rail tracks but there were no suicidal attempts. Her major hope was from caring and obedient children when they were small. At times, she experienced free‐floating anxiety, dyspepsia, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. She visited a general practitioner. She was prescribed a hypnotic, which was useful only for the initial period.

Early in her 40s, when her elder daughter reached the age of 18, she decided to divorce, and she was awarded custody of her younger daughter'. Ms. A could not afford raising her, and eventually, her younger daughter lived with ex‐husband while the other 2 children lived apart from her and from each other (one married and one living with a partner). Ms. A rented a room on her own and worked as a server. Ms. A was expecting her mood to improve on leaving her husband, but it did not. Ms. A was feeling guilty about leaving her youngest daughter (aged 12). This was not described excessive guilt. She was unable to work after a wrist injury, which she suffered while on duty, because she could not lift loads.

      Her general practitioner referred ger and she has been known to psychiatric services since she was 42 years old (in 1998). She was diagnosed with dysthymia and was prescribed Deanxit, trazodone, and promethazine. Her sleep had improved only slightly.

      Ms. A lived with elder daughter's family in the last 10 years since her daughter became pregnant. She claimed that she had a good relationship with her daughter. Her mood improved when she started to look after her grandsons, but she never reached complete remission. She was later referred to the family medicine clinic in 2009. She had defaulted follow‐up in 2014 because she felt that the contact was not useful.

      In the past 2 years, her mood deteriorated because her daughter was annoyed by what she considered to be an overinvolvement in childcare. For example, Ms. A repeatedly asked her daughter not to punish her children. She asked her daughter to prevent the children from making mistakes rather than letting them have a try. Ms. A also blamed her daughter for failing to correct the children when they did not follow Ms. A's commands.

      Ms. A's mood deteriorated again. She developed crying spells, insomnia with poor sleep, and fatigue. She lacked daytime engagement. Her memory and concentration worsened; for example, she would forget to turn off the stove at times. She would ask “Why was it not me?” when watching news on fatal car accidents. Four months before admission, Ms. A expressed her intention to return to live alone in her hometown the following year. Her daughter responded, “you can go anytime you like.” She was distressed by this response and developed fleeting suicidal ideas of dying by burning charcoal. However, she did not purchase charcoal when she saw it at a supermarket.

      She was referred from the “positive ageing center” to the family medicine clinic. She had tried escitalopram 5 mg nightly when she waited for psychiatric reactivation. Her sleep remained poor with frequent dreams and sleep‐talking. She also complained of constipation and dry eyes. She went to the emergency department under clinical advice in view of suicidal ideas and was admitted to a psychiatric unit.

      Family History

      Her youngest daughter suffered from depression.

      Personal History

      Ms. A was born in her hometown and was the second of four siblings. Her parents sold her to another family when she was 1 year old. This was attributed to poverty. She was illiterate. The “mother” in the “owning” family often scolded her and instructed her to care for the other “siblings.” There is no history of physical abuse. The “father” looked after her and allowed her to leave the family at 20 years of age. Ms. A then migrated illegally to the city. She was a nonsmoker and nondrinker. She had no history of substance abuse or a forensic record.

      Past Medical History

      Ms. A had no significant medical problems (menopause at 50 years old).

       Premorbid Personality

      Ms. A described herself as rigid with absolute beliefs about what “right and wrong” are. She adopted avoidance as a coping mechanism.

       Mental State Examination

      Ms. A appeared not sophisticated but was