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      75 75. Mellyn, “Healers and healing,” 99.

      76 76. Ibid., 91.

      77 77. George Mora, “Paracelsus’ psychiatry: On the occasion of the 400th anniversary of his book ‘Diseases that Deprive Man of His Reason’ (1567),” American Journal of Psychiatry 124 (1967): 803–14.

      78 78. Mellyn, “Healers and healing,” p. 91.

      79 79. Ibid.

      80 80. Philippe Pinel, A Treatise on Insanity, trans. D. D. Davis (Sheffield: W. Todd, 1806), 2.

      81 81. Ibid.

      82 82. German E. Berrios and Ivana S. Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’ since the eighteenth century,” in The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health, 115–34.

      83 83. Carl Linnaeus, Genera Morborum [Classification of Diseases] (Upsaliæ, 1759), 1.

      84 84. Richard Pulteney, “A general view of the writings of Linnæus,” 178–9. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004894125.0001.000/1:3.4?rgn=div2;view=fulltext

      85 85. William Cullen, Synopsis Nosologiae Methodicae, Vol. 1, 4th edn (Edinburgh: W. Creech, 1785), 182. Quoted in Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’,” 118.

      86 86. Ibid., 118.

      87 87. Philippe Pinel, Medico-Philosophical Treatise on Mental Alienation or Mania. Vol. 2, 2nd edn, trans. G. Hickish, D. Healy and L. C. Charland (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008), 54.

      88 88. Ibid., 62.

      89 89. G. E. Berrios, “The nineteenth-century nosology of alienism, history and epistemology,” in Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas (eds.), Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry II: Nosology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 101–23.

      90 90. Ibid., 121.

      91 91. See Andrew Scull, Madness in Civilization: A Cultural History of Insanity from the Bible to Freud, from the Madhouse to Modern Medicine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).

      92 92. William Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972).

      93 93. Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’,” 122.

      94 94. Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997).

      95 95. Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’,” 123.

      96 96. Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

      97 97. Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness,’” 121.

      98 98. Ibid.

      99 99. Ibid., 124.

      100 100. See E. Mendel, Leitfaden der Psychiatrie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1902), 121, quoted in Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’,” 124.

      101 101. P. J. Möbius, Abriss der Lehre von den Nervenkrankheiten (Leipzig: Ambrosius Abel, 1893), 71ff, quoted in Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’,” 124.

      102 102. Berrios and Marková, “The epistemology and classification of ‘madness’,” 125.

      103 103. Edward Shorter, “Primary care,” in Roy Porter (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 118–53.

      104 104. See Roy Porter, “What is disease,” in The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine, 95.