Designing Weldments. Группа авторов

2.2 Low temperature behavior of metals.

      4 Figure 3.1 Deflection in a cantilever beam.

      5 Figure 3.2 Typical tensile test specimen.

      6 Figure 3.3 Column under compressive load. (a) Straight beam, (b) column starts to deflect with increasing load, (c) bending moment diagram, and (d) increased deflection with increased loading.

      7 Figure 3.4 Bending.

      8 Figure 3.5 Bending stresses.

      9 Figure 3.6 Simply supported beam.

      10 Figure 3.7 Shear in a structure.

      11 Figure 4.1 Types of weld joints.

      12 Figure 4.2 Types of weld joints.

      13 Figure 4.3 Double flare joint.

      14 Figure 4.4 Fillet weld with weld nomenclatures.

      15 Figure 4.5 Transvers fillet weld.

      16 Figure 4.6 Theoretical throat of a fillet weld.

      17 Figure 4.7 Fillet weld under tensile load.

      18 Figure 4.8 Fillet weld in shear load.

      19 Figure 4.9 Fillet weld in shear load.

      20 Figure 4.10 Combined fillet and groove weld.

      21  Figure 4.11 Skewed joints.

      22 Figure 4.12 Weld as a line (no area).

      23 Figure 4.13 Weld as line, and mathematical relationships of various elements.

      24 Figure 4.14 Example of calculations treating weld as a line.

      25 Figure 4.15 Welded tubular connections, T, K, and Y and nomenclature, inserted within the figure is the description of joint parameters, its variation for Box and Circular sections.

      26 Figure 4.15.1

      27 Figure 4.16 Joint design for PJP groove weld in simple T, K, and Y tubular connections.

      28 Figure 4.17 Applicable location of PJP groove weld design.

      29 Figure 4.18 Weld set up for same size members.

      30 Figure 4.19 Load on the tubular welded connections.

      31 Figure 4.20 Impact of cyclic loading on the strength of steel and weld metal.

      32 Figure 4.21 Fatigue categories.

      33 Figure 4.22 Typical approaches to aluminum weld design.

      34 Figure 4.23 Distribution of tensile strength across the aluminum weld.

      35 Figure 4.24 Typical extrusions used to design joint geometry.

      36 Figure 4.25 Showing the transition of two different thicknesses for butt weld.

      37 Figure 4.26 Lap joints (a) and (b).

      38 Figure 4.27 Angular distortion, double-sided fillet welds in a T-joint.

      39 Figure 4.28 Weld CG and neutral axis.

      40 Figure 4.29 Angular distortion, single-sided groove weld in a butt joint.

      41 Figure 5.10.1 Oxy-fuel cutting process.

      42 Figure 5.10.2 Oxyacetylene gas jet and nozzle design.

      43 Figure 5.10.3 Propane gas jet and nozzle design.

      44 Figure 6.1 The structure of welding symbol.

      45 Figure 6.2 Use of pointing reference line arrows in welding symbols.

      46 Figure 6.3 Meaning of arrow pointing.

      47 Figure 6.4 Significance of circle at the inflexion point of the arrow line.

      48 Figure 6.5 Symbols to denote various types of welds.

      49 Figure 6.6 Symbol of fillet weld.

      50 Figure 6.7 How the fillet welds are shown for the given weld on top.

      51 Figure 6.8 Typical fillet welds symbols and their as built appearance with size of the weld.

      52 Figure 6.9 Symbol and the as built: full dimensioning of a fillet weld, note the length of the weld.

      53 Figure 6.10 Symbol and As-built: Showing an intermittent fillet weld and its size. Shown is the size ¼ inch fillet weld that is 2-inch long and end to end spaced by 4-inches.

      54 Figure 6.11 Symbols used to denote groove welds.

      55 Figure 6.12 Sq. groove weld symbol and As-built.

      56 Figure 6.13 V-groove welds and their as built, note the positioning of arrows.

      57 Figure 6.14 Groove welds, full penetration and partial penetration welds note the sizing of PJP and positioning of arrow.

      58 Figure 6.15 Symbol and as built of a PJP weld that shows the depth of penetration and also the effective throat.

      59 Figure 6.16 Symbol and as built of a bevel weld.

      60 Figure 6.17 Symbol and as built of a U-groove weld.

      61 Figure 6.18 Symbol and as built J-groove weld; note the positioning of arrow and method to show PJP weld.

      62 Figure 6.19 Symbol and as built flare-weld note the practice of showing the depth of the weld.

      63 Figure 6.20 Symbol and as built with desired dimensions of the weld, and supplementary symbol to show backing bar.

      64 Figure 6.21 Symbol and as built and shown depth of desired and achieved weld penetration.

      65 Figure 6.22 A weld symbol and as built with the backing bar.

      66 Figure 6.23 A symbol of a Plug-weld.

      67 Figure 6.24 Shows the symbols and as built welds for both plug and slot welds.

      List of Tables

      1 Table 2.1 Properties of materials.

      2 Table 2.2 Modulus of elasticity of common engineering metals.

      3 Table 3.1 Load components of design formulas and symbols used.

      4 Table 3.2 Member components and symbols used in the formula.

      5 Table 3.3 Member components (stress and strain) and symbols used in the formula.

      6 Table 3.4 Shear modulus of elasticity (modulus of rigidity of some common materials).

      7 Table 4.1 Type of weld joints.

      8 Table 4.2 Flare groove weld sizing.

      9 Table 4.3 Allowable stress and strength level for steel welds.

      10 Table 4.4 Allowable unit load on steel fillet welds.

      11 Table 4.5 Z loss table.

      12 Table 4.6 Minimum weld size for PJP welds.

      13 Table 4.7 Fillet weld (leg) size for skewed fillet -tee welds.

      14 Table 4.8 Minimum fillet weld sizes.

      15 Table 4.9 Stress on welds for different loading.

      16 Table 4.10 CJP joints designed for T-K-Y tubular structures.

      17 Table 4.11 Suggested allowable stress range in steel weldments.

      18 Table 4.12 Aluminum alloy designation system.

      19 Table 4.13 Cast aluminum designation and numbering system.

      20 Table 4.14 Temper designation letters and meaning.

      21 Table 4.14 Effect of service temperature on, as welded and heat treated and aged welds.

      22 Table 5.1 Master chart of welding and joining processes.

      23 Table 5.10.1 Fuel gas characteristics.

      24 Table 5.12 Application of various welding and joining processes for different types of metal and materials.

      25 Table 7.1 Mechanical properties of various metals.

      26 Table