Getting China Wrong. Aaron L. Friedberg

“US Export Controls and China,” DISAM Journal (Winter 1989/90), pp. 57–8.

      8 8. Harry Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1992), p. 367.

      9 9. Mann, About Face, pp. 104–5.

      10 10. Xin-zhu J. Chen, “China and the US Trade Embargo, 1950–1972,” American Journal of Chinese Studies, vol. 13, no. 2 (October 2006), pp. 169–86.

      11 11. Don Oberdorfer, “Trade Benefits for China Are Approved by Carter,” Washington Post, October 24, 1979.

      12 12. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, pp. 364 and 366.

      13 13. Both cited in Hal Brands, Making the Unipolar Moment: US Foreign Policy and the Rise of the Post-Cold War Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 218.

      14 14. Richard M. Nixon, “Asia after Vietnam,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 46, no. 1 (October 1967), pp. 121–2.

      15 15. Mann, About Face, p. 236.

      16 16. Ibid., p. 147.

      17 17. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, p. 363.

      18 18. Brands, Making the Unipolar Moment, p. 359.

      19 19. Meijer, Trading with the Enemy, p. 68.

      20 20. Report of The Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, Discriminate Deterrence (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 1988), p. 6.

      21 21. See G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 117–62.

      22 22. Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 44 and 30.

      23 23. Henry A. Kissinger, World Order (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), p. 269.

      24 24. From the text of the Atlantic Charter, a joint declaration by Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and a subsequent unilateral statement by Roosevelt on the first anniversary of the Charter. “The Atlantic Charter: Declaration of Principles Issued by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,” August 14, 1941.

      25 25. Arnold Beichman, “Roosevelt’s Failure at Yalta,” Humanitas, vol. XVI, no. 1 (2003), p. 104.

      26 26. “NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,” April 14, 1950, in Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis, eds., Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 389.

      27 27. Brands, Making the Unipolar Moment, p. 278.

      28 28. George H.W. Bush, “Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 29, 1991.

      29 29. Brands, Making the Unipolar Moment, p. 325.

      30 30. Thomas L. Friedman, “Baker Spells Out US Approach: Alliances and ‘Democratic Peace,’” New York Times, April 22, 1992.

      31 31. Anthony Lake, “From Containment to Enlargement,” September 21, 1993. In Alvin Z. Rubenstein, Albina Shayevich, and Boris Zlotnikov, eds., The Clinton Foreign Policy Reader: Presidential Speeches with Commentary (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000), pp. 21–2.

      32 32. Ibid.

      33 33. Ibid., p. 22.

      34 34. Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,” The National Interest, no. 16 (Summer 1989), pp. 3–18.

      35 35. Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (New York: Little Brown, 1993), p. 17.

      36 36. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 26.

      37 37. Ibid., pp. 15–16.

      38 38. Jeffry A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 398.

      39 39. Ibid., p. 376.

      40 40. John Williamson, “A Short History of the Washington Consensus,” Institute for International Economics, September 2004.

      41 41. Brands, Making the Unipolar Moment, pp. 213.

      42 42. Robert Gilpin, The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 52.

      43 43. Frieden, Global Capitalism, pp. 278–90.

      44 44. Ibid., pp. 394–412; “Rates on Overseas Calls Decline,” New York Times, May 19, 1982.

      45 45. Theodore Levitt, “The Globalization of Markets,” Harvard Business Review, May/June 1983, p. 93.

      46 46. Frieden, Global Capitalism, p. 378.

      47 47. Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade. War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 499.

      48 48. Ibid., pp. 496–526.

      49 49. Richard Baldwin, The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), p. 132.

      50 50. Ibid., p. 142.

      51 51. Ibid., pp. 79–110.

      52 52. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, p. 364.

      53 53. James P. Walsh, ErPing Wang, and Katherine R. Xin, “Same Bed, Different Dreams: Working Relationships in Sino-American Joint Ventures,” Journal of World Business, vol. 34, no. 1 (1999), pp. 69–93.

      54 54. Robert L. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of US–China Relations, 1989–2000 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), pp. 117–22.

      55 55. Peter Behr, “Major US Companies Lobbying Clinton to Renew China’s Trade Privileges,” Washington Post, May 6, 1994.

      56 56. Ho-fung Hung, “The Periphery in the Making of Globalization: The China Lobby and the Reversal of Clinton’s China Trade Policy, 1993–1994,” Review of International Political Economy, vol. 28, no. 4 (2020), p. 1017.

      57 57. David M. Lampton, “America’s China Policy in the Age of the Finance Minister: Clinton Ends Linkage,” The China Quarterly, no. 139 (September 1994), p. 606.

      58 58. David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing US–China Relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 380.

      59 59. Harding, A Fragile Relationship, p. 368.

      60 60. Hung, “The Periphery in the Making of Globalization,” p. 14.

      61 61. Neil Thomas, “For Company and for Country: Boeing and US–China Relations,” MacroPolo, February 26, 2019.

      62 62. William Warwick, “A Review of AT&T’s Business History in China: The Memorandum of Understanding in Context,” Telecommunications Policy, vol. 18, no. 3 (April 1994), pp. 265, 268–9.

      63 63. Amy Harmon and David Holley, “GM Announces It Will Assemble Trucks in China,” Los Angeles Times, January 16, 1992.

      64 64. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, p. 145.

      65 65. Barry Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978– 1993 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 304.

      66 66. Mann, About Face, p. 285.

      67 67. Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen, p. 145.

      68 68. Mann, About Face, p. 284.

      69 69. Nicholas D. Kristof, “Foreign Investors Pouring into China,” New York Times, June 15, 1992.

      70 70. Quoted in Bob Davis and Lingling Wei, Superpower Showdown: How the Battle between Trump and Xi Threatens a New Cold War (New York: HarperCollins, 2020), pp. 56–7.

      71 71. Mann, About Face, p. 123.

      72 72. Samuel Wagreich, “Lobbying by Proxy: A Study of China’s Lobbying Practices in the United States