Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. Группа авторов

withou...Figure 9.10 Production of power by sources (a) base and (b) proposed system-1 wi...Figure 9.11 Monthly utility bill saving with proposed system-1 and base system w...Figure 9.12 Cash flow for proposed system-1 without EV-FCS.Figure 9.13 Cumulative cash flow over project lifetime of base system and propos...Figure 9.14 Base system grid purchase, AC load, and DG power output without EVFC...Figure 9.15 Proposed system-1 grid purchase, AC load, and DG power output withou...Figure 9.16 Monthly performance summary of base system without EV-FCS.Figure 9.17 Monthly performance summary of system-1 without EVFCS.Figure 9.18 Connection diagram of (a) base and (b) proposed system without EVFCS...Figure 9.19 Load profile on a day (Peak load 1,515.19 kW) with EV-FCS.Figure 9.20 (a) Average daily and (b) monthly EV load served by DC fast chargers...Figure 9.21 Annual savings on utility bill by different options of proposed syst...Figure 9.22 Monthly electrical bills of (a) base system and (b) proposed system-...Figure 9.23 Production of power by sources (a) base and (b) proposed system-1EV ...Figure 9.24 Monthly utility bill saving with proposed system-1EV over base syste...Figure 9.25 Cash flow for proposed system-1EV with EV-FCS.Figure 9.26 Cumulative cash flow over project lifetime of base system and propos...Figure 9.27 Base system grid purchase, AC load, and DG power output with EV-FCS.Figure 9.28 Proposed system-1EV grid purchase, AC load and DG power output with ...Figure 9.29 Monthly performance summary of base system with EV-FCS.Figure 9.30 Monthly performance summary of system-1EV with EV-FCS.

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 System model replicates the operation of CSs.Figure 10.2 Presence of CSs on road network and electrical network.Figure 10.3 Probability of availability of EVs on road.Figure 10.4 Typical day selected price by CSs for case 3.Figure 10.5 Profit of CSs in different cases.Figure 10.6 Impact of short-term index on profit.Figure 10.7 Profit with respect to EV density without power line limit.Figure 10.8 Profit with respect to EV density with power line limit.

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Proposed SMES based charging system for electric vehicles.Figure 11.2 Block diagram of proposed fuzzification based power controlling algo...Figure 11.3 Profiles of membership functions (1) presenting voltage (V) and (2) ...Figure 11.4 Location of smart charging stations where EVs are charged.Figure 11.5 Layout of proposed smart grid topology with electric vehicles.Figure 11.6 Complete procedural flowchart for proposed system.Figure 11.7 Voltage salability analysis comparison with and without SMES.Figure 11.8 Comparison of load angles under major faults.Figure 11.9 Voltage profiles of EV chargers under different SMES capacity parame...Figure 11.10 Voltage profiles of EV chargers when different EV fleets are chargi...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Reinforcement based framework for navigating system.Figure 12.2 Architecture of online learning algorithm.Figure 12.3 All possible routes between Delhi to Gurgaon, distance of 45km (Goog...Figure 12.4 Learning curve comparison between RL and GA.Figure 12.5 Performance of RL algorithm in all three cases for different objecti...Figure 12.6 SOC limit of all cases with covered distance.Figure 12.7 Error plot with number of days.Figure 12.8 Frequency distribution of error after 14 days.

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Autonomous vehicle standards ensure safety.Figure 13.2 Application of autonomous vehicles.Figure 13.3 Smart charging management for autonomous vehicles.

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Comparison of global conventional and renewable sources of energy pr...Figure 14.2 Renewable energy production of major countries [1] KTOE. (Source: Da...Figure 14.3 Components of VPP.Figure 14.4 Status of VPP in selected nations.Figure 14.5 Framework of FENIX project.Figure 14.6 Framework of EDISON project.Figure 14.7 Framework of SHD project.

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Historical CO₂ emissions from road transport of European Union [1].Figure 15.2 Quantitative analysis of literature on charging station placement.Figure 15.3 Flowchart for computing AENS [3].Figure 15.4 Flowchart for computing voltage deviation.Figure 15.5 Search Space.Figure 15.6 Flowchart for computation of VSF [3].Figure 15.7 Test system [12, 15].

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Status of FAME II scheme as per 2020.Figure 16.2 Evolution of Electric Vehicles.Figure 16.3 Comparison of two-wheeler production and sales.Figure 16.4 Charging stations allocated statewide under FAME II scheme.Figure 16.5 Statewide vehicle sales under FAME II scheme.Figure 16.6 Classification of WPT.Figure 16.7 Different types of electric vehicle charging methods.Figure 16.8 Basic operation of WPT.Figure 16.9 Compensation topologies: (a) series-series, (b) series-parallel, (c)...Figure 16.10 Projected BEV sales (millions) of both two- and four-wheelers by 20...Figure 16.11 Share of types of vehicles over indian automotive market.Figure 16.12 Annual two-wheeler sales, production, and export patterns in Indian...Figure 16.13 Growth pattern of vehicle sales in millions in global market.Figure 16.14 Installed base of electric cars in India.Figure 16.15 Availability of electric chargers countrywide around globe.

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Annual profile for irradiance with variation in ambient temperature.Figure 17.2 Survey of global horizontal irradiance for year.Figure 17.3 Equivalent circuit of two diode model of PV cell.Figure 17.4 PV and IV characteristics of two diode PV module with various solar ...Figure 17.5 Solar power plant site with capacity of 5MW generation at Prayagraj ...Figure 17.6 Schematic diagram of 5 MW solar power plant.Figure 17.7 Annual energy production per year.Figure 17.8 Monthly PV generation in AC to PV array energy in DC.

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 A comparison between different types of charging techniques for EVs.Table 1.2 Differences between V2B/V2H and V2G systems in smart charging architec...Table 1.3 List of Differences between control architectures in a smart charging ...

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Electric vehicle models on the market.

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Evaluation of different charging strategies.

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Usage-based dynamic pricing in a smart grid [12].

      5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Random input data.

      6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 EV battery DC charging standards (adapted from [9-11]).

      7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Specification of components in EV fast charging station.Table 7.2 Laboratory stand specification of EV charger with industry drive conve...

      8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Regulatory framework and standards related to EVs [18-26].

      9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Hybrid renewable energy system parameter values for case study.Table 9.2 Type of charging station and characteristics.Table 9.3 Monthly average solar clearance index global horizontal irradiance, te...Table 9.4 Optimized proposed system installation options without EV-FCS.Table 9.5 Installation details of components for proposed system-1 without FV-FC...Table 9.6 Savings for proposed system-1 over base case without EV-FCS.Table 9.7 Electricity bill of NITD-DVC utility for base system without EV-FCS.Table 9.8 Electricity bill of NITD-DVC utility for proposed system-1 without EV-...Table 9.9 Net present and annual cost for base system without EV-FCS.Table 9.10 Net present and annual cost for proposed system-1 without EV-FCS.Table 9.11 Pollutant emissions of base system and proposed system-1 without EV-F...Table 9.12 Operational parameters of EV fast charging station.Table 9.13 Optimized proposed system installation options with EV-FCS.Table 9.14 Installation details of components for proposed system-lEV with FV-FC...Table 9.15 Savings for proposed system-lEV over base case with EV-FCS.Table 9.16 Electricity bill of NITD-DVC utility for base system with EV-FCS.Table 9.17 Electricity bill of NITD-DVC utility for proposed system-1EV with EV-...Table 9.18 Net present and annual cost for base system-lEV with EV-FCS.Table 9.19 Net present and annual cost for proposed system-1EV with EV-FCS.Table 9.20 Pollutant emissions of base system and proposed system-1EV with EV-FC...Table 9.21 Diesel Generator (DG Set) operational parameters for base and propose...Table 9.22 Solar PV and wind turbine operational parameters for proposed systems...Table 9.23 Battery storage (LI) operational parameters for proposed systems with...

      10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Simulation parameters for price game.

      11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Simulated fuzzy conditions.Table 11.2 Simulated SMES parameters.

      12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Use of autonomous vehicle to deal with pandemic.

      13 Chapter