Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Группа авторов

to the digital. Thus, the technology describes the physical objects (things) connected and communicating (transmitting) with each other and with the user, transmitting data (information) to a network, as if it were a broad digital nervous system, i.e., a structure that allows the exchange of information (data) between two or more points [17, 18, 37].

Still pondering that every day, more appliances, watches, means of transport, and accessories are connected to the Internet and other devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and mobile devices that transmit signals and appear to each other. Still pondering that through a connected network, these devices can be connected via the internet with cars, refrigerators, microwaves, trains, airplanes, among other thousands of artifacts (Figure 1.5) [18].

      The field of IoT practices has been diversified over time, and currently, the field of applicability and use of IoT is very broad, reflecting on numerous technological resources that have been used to provide connection of devices. Like Bluetooth technology, communication by proximity field (short-range wireless technology, which allows the exchange of information between devices with enabled and compatible NFC) is also a feature used in IoT. Making the devices “talk digitally” to each other, generating more productivity, comfort, information, knowledge, and practicality in general, and their uses and application can include health monitoring or leading real-time information about city traffic, or yet the number of parking lots available in parking, even indicating activities, reminders, or even content on their connected intelligent devices [38].

Nowadays, everyday “things” become intelligent and have their functions and role expanded by crossing data (information), seeing a virtual assistant crossing data from connected intelligent devices to inform, even if not requested, the time (travel duration) it will take to get to work when leaving the house, also relating the interconnectivity of smart IoT devices around the environment and making a digital assistant learn a user’s routine, their times, their location via GPS connection, the connection (link) to the car’s Bluetooth at a singular time (Figure 1.6), and the circumstance that this context has been repeated many times [18].

Figure 1.5 IoT illustration.

The IoT exchanges information is essentially derived from three elements that require to be associated with an application to work which are the intelligent devices, the network (structure), and a digital control system. The intelligent devices are all those imaginable equipped with sensors and antennas, among others, providing communication with the other elements such as lamps, bedside lamps, refrigerators, microwaves, cars, coffee makers, and watches, television, among others (Figure 1.7). The network is the means of communication such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile data, and fiber optics, among others. The control system causes all data (information) captured from the devices (things) to be processed and then sent (transmitted) to a digital system that controls each aspect analyzed and evaluated [36, 39].

      Big Data is the driving technology of IoT, related to data are currently the great creators and destroyers of business value. Since the IoT devices connected to the network are constantly sending, receiving, exchanging, and crossing data, i.e., constantly producing data. As a result, the accumulation, analysis, and use of Big Data are more significant, especially for companies, which have the most expressive production of data with IoT, as it has a large number of objects that can be connected or already connected. In addition, with data and information in hand, companies make fewer mistakes, produce more, and win more customers. To make sense (means of storing, tracking, analyzing, and making use of this large amount) of all this data (information), Big Data analysis has a fundamental role, which is critical for companies of all sizes [19, 40].

Figure 1.6 Connection to the car’s illustration.

Figure 1.7 IoT devices.

      Still pondering the seven main attributes that define and differentiate a normal object or device from an item that is part of the great mass of IoT connectivity, these devices and systems include sensors that track and measure activity worldwide. Internet connectivity will be in the item itself (thing/device), probably collecting information over time through sensors, exchanging messages, and files with a Cloud platform. Like any computer, the devices will have some built-in processing power, even if only to analyze and transmit data. Although many of the IoT devices are not yet equipped with special features to become really powerful in processing [41–43].

Efficient energy consumption is related to these devices being able to operate for a certain time or more on their own, using stored energy or staying connected only while used. Cost x benefit ratio is linked to the premise that several objects with sensors (must be relatively inexpensive to purchase and implant) distributed on a large scale to be really efficient, as in the case of food products in supermarkets that must have an indication of validity. Quality and reliability are related that many of the devices must operate exposed to harsh climates for long periods of time [41–43].

Figure 1.8 IoT and blockchain illustration.

Security is given that IoT machines and devices transmit private and detailed information, such as that related to the user’s health, still reflecting that the change from previously inert objects to a reality based on connectivity transforms businesses, products, and workflows to suit consumer trends and needs. In this respect, blockchain technology can promote more digital security (Figure 1.8), so that objects connected to networks are not hacked [41–43].

      However, the main potential of IoT is to carry out communication between objects, and people are given the practical nature, via the internet, “things” exchange signals with each other, i.e., mobile and fixed objects gain autonomy to interact with each other and with users. One of the greatest examples of this digital transformation in recent years is the increased use of IoT in homes and work relationships. Another technology that enhances the growth of IoT is AI, guaranteeing more autonomy and learning for objects connected to the internet [44].

1.3 IoT Ecosystem

IoT is basically things, i.e., it is all types of equipment/device/sensor that can be connected in different ways, from a truck to monitor the displacement of product transport fleets, use of sensors in tractors that measure the soil situation and send data to systems responsible for processing this information, and make suggestions for the best areas or times for planting, a boiler temperature sensor in a factory, or the adoption of devices at home, such as thermometers, energy consumption regulators, or home appliance managers, who allow the householder to control this equipment remotely, or even microsensors that monitor the status of patients remotely in hospitals or outside them [45].

In IoT, it is consistent with an environment whose rules deal with both connection and intelligent data collection and processing, since applications allow