IoT-enabled Smart Healthcare Systems, Services and Applications. Группа авторов

of trustworthy AI:

       AI increases inclusive growth, sustainable development, and well‐being.

       AI systems are configured in a way that allows them to act as appropriate safeguards—for example, enabling human intervention where necessary—to ensure smart home gadgets for better living.

       There should be responsible disclosure around AI systems to ensure that people understand AI‐based outcomes and can challenge them.

       AI systems must function in a robust, secure, and safe way throughout their life cycles, and potential risks should be continually assessed and managed.

       Organizations and individuals developing, deploying, or operating AI systems should be held accountable for their proper functioning in line with the above principles [12]. We could not imagine our world now without AI.

      1.2.2 Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Healthcare

The term “Things” in IoT in healthcare refers to the network of physical healthcare objects, meaning digital emergent technologies that connect the offline world through the Internet following some standard rules. Healthcare services are interconnected via smart sensors and devices. IoT has been conceived as one of the best solutions to face healthcare challenges and has therefore grabbed the attention of present research. It is supporting remote health monitoring making doctors capable of seeing their patients remotely and supervise them accordingly. IoT is using wireless sensor networks to communicate with doctors and outdoor patients for monitoring. Patients are having several smart types of equipment such as blood glucose monitors, pulse oximeters, blood pressure monitors, pedometers, and weighing scales [17]. With the help of these sensors, patients’ important data such as health history, biometric data, treatment history, patient reports, symptoms, and outcome measures that is needed to predict the fitness and future medical care is shared with the doctors. Therefore, it is providing great opportunities to utilize and adopt different monitoring methods for patient caretakers and medical staff. Its benefits cannot be neglected, as remote healthcare is beneficial for critical and noncritical patients as well. It has reduced the burden on hospitals from preventing day‐by‐day increase cases. IoT has also played a significant role in providing healthcare to patients living in rural areas that don’t have adequate access to it. For elder people who are at their homes for a longer period and are unable to make checkups, IoT has also emerged as a convenient resource for them. IoT systems are becoming expedient contributors in the healthcare industry [Impaired patients can be assisted by medical professionals without any waste of time by electronic communication by pointing toward various letters on their device and personal computers so they can call or even ask easily.

      A famous term used in describing healthcare services provided through the IoT is “Telerehabilitation” and corresponds to the less expensive but the finest service. Regardless of any geographical barriers, it is the best solution for those patients who physically cannot attend the clinics and hospitals. It is most beneficial for older people because of its workability and cost effectiveness for managing their lifestyle and daily routine for doing therapy at home. A survey suggests that primary healthcare costs can be reduced up to 80 percent through telemedicine; this is one of the goals of WHO [18].

In the context of remote monitoring, smart devices allow us to change any rehabilitation tool in IoT devices. Parameters of human health such as body mass, body fat, or mass index can be measured by those devices connected to remote computers via Bluetooth by utilizing bioelectric impedance analysis () and carrying out periodic analyses of collected data. IoT is also playing a crucial role in cloud‐based intelligent healthcare services that keep a real‐time check on chronic diseases such as cancer. Health‐related data is stored in cloud repositories for future use. The newly emerged infrastructure of cloud computing can be accessed by anyone and anywhere at any time. It has empowered medical professionals to provide the best analysis and assistance for the treatment of disease. It uses principal component analysis (PCA) for characteristic evaluation and the KNN algorithm to monitor patients’ health statistics. KNN has a good performance to identify specific diseases, a most valuable and universally accessible healthcare service provided by IoT.

      1.2.3 Blockchain in Smart Healthcare

      Blockchain is like a powerful synergist to secure healthcare records by providing data integrity and alleviating many challenges in the health sector realm. By attaining, analyzing, and transferring medical information at different levels, blockchain is introduced by researchers to improve the medical field and even aid researchers to unlock genetic codes. Better care, early response of care takers, and timely medicines would be possible if the healthcare system shifted toward electronic and smart gadgets. Effective e‐health systems with quick response contain super‐quality services and privacy for patients. Blockchain makes us able to interact within untrusted circumstances while keeping privacy and security and enabling a reduced cost [19]. To manage electronic records of patients, blockchain has uncountable opportunities. The traditional system is more rapidly catching the advanced technology, making it more convenient and easier to use for doctors and patients both to maintain the privacy and uprightness of the healthcare system using a blockchain framework named Smart Healthcare System (SHS). Due to its transparency, blockchain has extended to many healthcare domains. Data in the form of blocks is related via cryptographic methods and a decentralized database is then shared between all the peers so that anyone can view and access it. Each block is having its unique ID. These IDs, or hashes, are being generated for every incoming block containing new content, and each block carries the hash of every block that follows (hence the name blockchain). Blockchain is also beneficial for the insurance companies and pharmaceutical industry by keeping their records secure and safe. The data once kept in the block remains part of it for further research and diagnosis and make it possible to track the availability of medicines and medical equipment [20].

      1.2.4 3‐Dimensional (3D) in Smart Healthcare

3D printing is a manufacturing technology that can physically design a model by fusing or decomposing materials such as resin, plastics, metal, carbon fiber, nitinol, paper, graphite, powder, and many different products. This method is also referred to as additive manufacturing (AM), rapid prototyping, or solid freeform fabrication. It can produce an object of any shape and size as visualize by a computer drawing file. It constructs the object layer by layer by injecting the material with the help of a printhead, a nozzle, or other various printing technologies. It first builds the basic object model along an x‐y plane and then subsequently starts building it along the z‐axis vertically. These instructions are being followed by a CAD file. 3D printers adopt the step‐by‐step instructions and deposit the material layer by layer, which results in a real‐time object model, and this model is being equipped with scaling, mudding, or painting if required.

      Due to life‐changing innovations in 3D printing, most industries have started adopting its techniques because of its wonderful results. The healthcare industry has also been greatly affected by 3D printing because its emergence has overcome some challenges that not long ago seemed unsurmountable. Let us discuss some revolutionary changes that 3D printing has enabled in the healthcare sector. According to a survey, almost 6 percent of healthcare professionals have adopted this technology while the rest of them are in the process of adopting it. The most appealing 3D printing laboratory was found in New South Wales, and several skilled workers were hired to provide the services in the lab. They provide patients with such operational products that helps them to fulfill difficult tasks. The surgical tools and devices printed can help patients to improve their anatomy.

      3D printing technologies that have been used in healthcare include orthotics prosthetics, implants, and preoperational models. 3D printing design models have specific customers whom they help to perform their activities in a better way. It can reduce patient visits to a hospital and can build such a difficult model that cannot be obtained by any other method. It uses materials such as polypropylene whose mechanical properties make the final product light in weight and easy to hold for patients.

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