IoT-enabled Smart Healthcare Systems, Services and Applications. Группа авторов

circumstances are at risk due to the shortage of glucose in the present scenario as well as in the future.

      1.3.2.2 Monitoring Heart Rate

      Devices can detect the heart rates; these devices are used by patients. High blood pressure would be diagnosed by this wearable device. The heart rate is continuously recorded by the patient’s device that can be sensed with the connection of a patient’s body. Healthcare providers will have an approach to monitoring the patient’s heart rate whenever they will need to do a check‐up. The examined heart rate provided the data, which will be useful for further treatment and diagnosis. In the same way, the wearable devices can notify the health care professionals when the patient suffers strokes, arrhythmias, and heart attacks. In this dangerous situation, the healthcare staff will be on full alert and will be able to dispatch the ambulances in a very timely manner, which can save a patient’s life.

      1.3.2.3 Smart Inhalers

      These IoT inhalers are intelligent with advanced digital features, linked with an application in a smartphone or some gadget that transmits information about what patients need to do to handle this condition. When a patient is experiencing an asthma attack, the transmitted instructions are sent toward the caregivers for them to provide care on time. Some of the inhalers contain sensors that can sense the polluted environment and regions that have high pollen; the sensors help to send a message for the reminder to check the technology of inhaler. They all are equipped smartly to trace how often an inhaler is to be used so the patient does not require to keep records. One of the main facts about these smart inhalers is that they remind victims when to take their medication.

      1.3.3 Application of Blockchain

Blockchain has a broad extent of applications and usages in the field of healthcare. The secure relocation of patients’ information keeps health records and management of medical grant chains, all of them due to facilitation of ledger technology. It also helps the researchers to unlatch genetic code. In September 2015, a World Economic Forum report was delivered, which surveyed that 58 percent of respondents said 10 percent of all globe domestic products will be stocked by blockchain technology by the year 2025 [19]. Nichol described Healthbank, Swedish based on health system transactions in the blockchain. Their aim is to introduce a unique way of sharing data and securing personal data. For future endeavors the patient health information (for example, blood pressure, heartbeat rate, eating habits, and sleeping pattern) would be fetched from healthcare applications, career appointments all of which be safely stored in the health bank blockchain [15].

      1.3.3.1 Stability of Patients’ Data

      In healthcare, nowadays the foremost data of healthcare is used for retaining the security and safety, which is considered as the eminent application of blockchain. Keeping data sealed is a valuable issue in the health sector. Blockchain presents a stable, secure, decentralized, and transparent log of patients’ data and becomes a widespread security application in this field. From complex and secure code it can conceal the user’s identity privately from massive codes that enable the maturity of sensitivity. The decentralized nature of blockchain presents the same information to doctors, nurses, paramedic staff, and also patients quickly and securely. Mettler described one of the Netherland‐based security organization partners with the Estonia government, who implemented Guardtime, to facilitate the framework of blockchain to authenticate the patients’ identity [21].

      1.3.3.2 Distant Patient Monitoring

      Distant patient monitoring is itself a technology that authorizes the status of the patient outside of traditional clinic systems e.g. In separate regions or homes which may need to increase the patient's care and reduce the phenomenal cost. In this case, blockchain plays a vital role for monitoring. In distant patients monitoring the caregiver staff would be able to know the status of the patient, the medical record is collected through smart devices and IoT networks. For cache, allotment, and rectify the medical information Blockchain playing an important role in all of these tasks. Ray described the connectivity of IoT with blockchain for retrieving, sharing, and storing electronic health information in the form of data flow architecture [21]. Distant patient monitoring becomes valuable for the elderly patient and disabled patients because they can take quick steps to save their lives. Many kinds of research show that blockchain is the key factor to save the patient data securely and manageable, in this context Ichikawa illustrated cognitive therapy for the disease of insomnia for patients monitoring by adopting a hyper ledger fabric architecture.

      1.3.3.3 Blockchain Prevents Costly Mistakes

Blockchain can provide a single platform for saving and continuously updating health records for private and on‐time retrieval by authorized users. By circumventing miscommunication among several healthcare professionals contained in the knowledge of patients, prevented by many mistakes, faster diagnosis and mediation become possible, as well as personalized care for every patient. Medical professionals cost the healthcare sector whenever miscommunication has occurred. The time taken to access the patients’ data irritates caretakers and delays in the care of the patient. Blockchain dispenses a cure for all this time taken and costly errors.

      1.3.4 Applications of 3D Printing

      3D printing is used to create new cells and tissues for active regenerative processes. 3D printing is a relatively expanded, unique, smart method of producing that established various applications in defense, aerospace, dentistry, organs fabrication, and in many other areas. In this section we discuss the revolutionary effect of 3D bioprinting in healthcare. Assistance obtained by application of 3D printing in medicine does not only include personalized medical products and equipment but also high productivity, cost effectiveness, design moralization, and increased collaboration. The application of 3D printing is going to be mainstream.

      1.3.4.1 Hearing Aids

      In this sphere, the efforts were originated by Belgium‐based organization Materialize [22], in collaboration with production of Swiss hearing aids. Phil Reeves discusses the 3D printing revolution; more than 10 000 000 3D printed hearing assistance devices are currently used worldwide. There are many more that are in use today. Nowadays 3D printing, which includes scanning, modeling, and printing, takes less than a day.

      1.3.4.2 3D Printing in Rejuvenate Medicine and Fight with Covid‐19 Pandemic

      In this neoteric era the creation of tissues from fluffy biomaterial such as biomimetic polymers and living cells has been the most remarkable technological advancement in this field. Since the early 2000s, simple organs such as the bladder have been embedded into the patient. Moreover, various difficulties need to be resolved for intricate organs such as the liver, heart, and brain to be 3D‐printed and then placed into a patient’s body. The rapid action of Covid‐19 has placed great stress on medical systems all over the world, with stipulation of censorious medical kits and equipment. Manufacturers have responded to supply medical gadgets for hospitals. Carbon and 3D systems have started to be used for manufacturing open‐source PPE for health staff workers worldwide.

1.4 Conclusion

      In this chapter, the deployment of the framework for healthcare in IoT distinguishes the applications from the physical infrastructure; therefore, we suggest to develop the platform for healthcare with the different emerging technologies. We have thereby discussed the technologies benefitting and challenges on how IoT, 3D printing, AI, and blockchain can help healthcare organizations to enhance the reliability and accessibility of services and various benefits and challenges faced so that Wi‐Fi networks are widely used in the healthcare industry.

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