Intelligent Renewable Energy Systems. Группа авторов

Figure 1.7 Variation of VDI before and after placement of DGs to the 69-bus dist...Figure 1.8 Voltage profile of 69-bus distribution network before and after place...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 I-V curves for the proposed CPSO techniques Kyocera (KC200GT multi-cr...Figure 2.2 P-V curves of all the variants of CPSO Kyocera (KC200GT multi-crystal...Figure 2.3 Convergence plots of each variant of CPSO with other compared algorit...Figure 2.4 I-V curves of the proposed CPSO technique for Canadian solar (CS6K 28...Figure 2.5 P-V curves of all variants of CPSO for Canadian solar (CS6K 280M mono...Figure 2.6 Convergences curves of the proposed methods for the Canadian solar (C...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Typical microgrid system.Figure 3.2 Island detection methods.Figure 3.3 Passive island detection methods.Figure 3.4 Active island detection methods.Figure 3.5 Signal processing island detection methods.Figure 3.6 Classifier island detection methods.Figure 3.7 Flowchart of islanding classification techniques using machine learni...Figure 3.8 Schematic diagram of a decision tree.Figure 3.9 Schematic diagram of an artificial neural network.Figure 3.10 Schematic diagram of fuzzy logic.Figure 3.11 Schematic diagram of an artificial neuro-fuzzy inference system.Figure 3.12 Schematic diagram of static vector machine.Figure 3.13 Schematic diagram of a random forest.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Grid connected solar PV system.Figure 4.2 Solar PV configurations.Figure 4.3 Source, victim and coupling path of EMI.Figure 4.4 Block diagram of fuzzy logic controller.Figure 4.5 CM EMI at input side of inverter.Figure 4.6 DM EMI at input side of inverter.Figure 4.7 Total EMI at input side of inverter.Figure 4.8 CM EMI at input side of inverter.Figure 4.9 DM EMI at input side of inverter.Figure 4.10 Total EMI at input side of inverter.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) HRES scheme with a combination of solar and wind energy [9]. (b) ...Figure 5.2 A hybrid renewable energy system energy management scheme [13].Figure 5.3 Flow chart of optimization employing Genetic Algorithm [45].Figure 5.4 Genetic algorithms for optimization issue purpose.Figure 5.5 (a) Solar power forecasting [64]. (b) Forecasting of PI for 5 min ahe...Figure 5.6 Forecasting of PV power generation [67].Figure 5.7 Short-term predicting [68].Figure 5.8 Medium term predicting [69].Figure 5.9 Long term forecasting [69].

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Single phase H-bridge inverter.Figure 6.2 Basic topology of NPC: (a) three-level and (b) five-level.Figure 6.3 Generalised circuit of inverter: (a) three-level and (b) five-level.Figure 6.4 Multilevel modulation techniques.Figure 6.5 Nearest level selection: (a) waveform synthesis and (b) control diagr...Figure 6.6 (a) PD, (b) POD and (c) APOD.Figure 6.7 Five-level converter output voltage with PD-LSPWM.Figure 6.8 Five level converter of phase shifted waveform, nature of the output ...Figure 6.9 Single diode model of PV cell.Figure 6.10 P-V Array characteristics at different temperature and constant irra...Figure 6.11 Control scheme of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) twenty seven-lev...Figure 6.12 PV inputs (a) change in irradiance and (b) change in temperature.Figure 6.13 PV output response w.r.t change in irradiance and temperature (a) po...Figure 6.14 Boost converter output voltage.Figure 6.15 Twenty seven level inverter output line voltage.Figure 6.16 Voltage and injected current at the grid (a) output voltage of the s...Figure 6.17 Line current and voltage injected in to the grid.Figure 6.18 Power injected in to the grid w.r.t, PV array inputs.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Block diagram of FLC based energy management unit (EMU) for stand-alo...Figure 7.2 Equivalent circuit for PV.Figure 7.3 Solar arrays.Figure 7.4 Optimal torque control with MPPT method.Figure 7.5 Battery equivalent circuit.Figure 7.6 Developed FLC based energy management unit.Figure 7.7 Graph, PV system with irradiance change from 600W/m² to 800W/m², 800W...Figure 7.8 Graph of Input wind speed change from 12m/s to 8m/s, 8m/s to 10m/s wa...Figure 7.9 Graphed results for battery system, waveforms.Figure 7.10 Simulation results for EMU, waveform of (a) battery Vref & Vdcbus (v...Figure 7.11 Power levels of load, battery, wind and solar system.

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Time-varying characteristics of (a) Active and (b) Reactive power dem...Figure 8.2 Standard deviation and Mean of the wind speed.Figure 8.3 Power output of WTDG for different times of the day.Figure 8.4 Membership functions for (a) SVEI, (b) EFI and (c) ECRI.Figure 8.5 Flow chart of the proposed approach.Figure 8.6 Schematic representation of the modified 33-bus system.Figure 8.7 (a) Active and (b) Reactive power loss for different planning stages.Figure 8.8 Bus voltages of the test network in (a) Scenario 1 and (b) Scenario 2...Figure 8.9 Power flow in the test network for planning (a) case 1, (b) case 2 an...Figure 8.10 Power flow in the test network for planning (a) case 1, (b) case 2 a...Figure 8.11 Convergence characteristic for all techniques for (a) Planning case ...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Block diagram of a stand-alone PV system.Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of a grid-tied PV system.Figure 9.3 Block diagram of a large PV system.Figure 9.4 Flowchart for GUI design.Figure 9.5 GUI front end for the design of a standalone PV system using sample h...Figure 9.6 GUI front end for design of a grid-tied PV system for a rooftop area ...Figure 9.7 GUI front end for design of a PV power plant for an available land ar...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Micro-grid with micro-PMU.Figure 10.2 Micro PMU block diagram.Figure 10.3 Situational awareness.Figure 10.4 Connection diagram of micro-PMU.Figure 10.5 Flow chart of (a) comprehension algorithm (b) LVQ algorithm.Figure 10.6 LVQ algorithm LabVIEW program.

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Basic structure of ES.Figure 11.2 ANN architecture of BPA.Figure 11.3 Functional block diagram of Fuzzy Inference System.Figure 11.4 Communication architecture of HEMS.Figure 11.5 Overall STLF procedure based on RL and BPNN.Figure 11.6 Centralized generation system.Figure 11.7 Structure of distributed generation system.Figure 11.8 Structure of LET.Figure 11.9 Operation of AI-SEM.

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Single line diagram of n-node RDN.Figure 12.2 Flowchart of the proposed loss allocation algorithm.Figure 12.3 Total energy losses in the network at 1-h interval for scenario with...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic and equivalent circuit of STATCOM.Figure 13.2 Type-2 controller for 2-level VSC based STATCOM.Figure 13.3 Movement of the critical eigenvalues with PI controller for kp = 0 t...Figure 13.4 Step response of STATCOM with PI controller.Figure 13.5 PI controller with nonlinear feedback controller.Figure 13.6 Root locus with nonlinear feedback for kp = 0 to 10 and ki/kp = 10.Figure 13.7 Phase ‘a’ current of STATCOM with nonlinear feedback controller.Figure 13.8 Response of STATCOM with nonlinear feedback controller.Figure 13.9 Schematic of type1controller for STATCOM.Figure 13.10 Step response with 3phase model of STATCOM with non-optimized contr...Figure 13.11 D-contour with α = −0.5 and ζ = 10%.Figure 13.12 Phase ‘a’ current of STATCOM with optimal controller parameters.Figure 13.13 Step response with 3-phase model of STATCOM and optimal controller ...Figure 13.14 Location of eigenvalues of STATCOM with optimal controller paramete...Figure 13.15 Step response with 3-phase model of STATCOM with optimal controller...Figure 13.16 Phase ‘a’ current of STATCOM with optimal controller parameters.Figure 13.17 Value of objective function at every function evaluation and iterat...Figure 13.18 Value of objective function at every function evaluation and iterat...Figure 13.19 Best value of objective function at every iteration with GA and PSO...Figure 13.20 Time for iteration with GA and PSO.Figure 13.21 Best value of objective function for ten continuous runs of GA and ...Figure 13.22 Plot of eigenvalues from maximum capacitive to inductive operation ...Figure 13.23 Phase ‘a’ current of STATCOM with optimal controller parameters.Figure 13.24 Step response with three phase model of STATCOM and optimal control...Figure 13.25 System diagram of VSC HVDC.Figure 13.26 Equivalent circuit of VSC viewed from ac bus.Figure 13.27 Controller for one of the VSCs of HVDC.Figure 13.28 Step response 3-level VSC HVDC with non-optimized controller parame...Figure 13.29 Step response 3-level VSC HVDC with non-optimized controller parame...Figure 13.30 Step response of reactive current, power and DC voltage for case-1 ...Figure 13.31 Step response of power and DC voltage for case-2 with optimal contr...Figure 13.32 Step response of reactive current, power and DC voltage for case-3 ...Figure 13.33 Step response of power and DC voltage for case-4 with optimal contr...Figure 13.36 Step response of power and DC voltage for case-7 with optimal contr...Figure 13.37 Step response of power and DC voltage for case-8 with optimal contr...Figure 13.34 Step response of reactive current, power and DC voltage for case-5 ...Figure 13.35 Step response of power and DC voltage for case-6 with optimal contr...

      14 Chapter