Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities. Rajiv K. Varma

4.14 (a) A basic PV solar system, (b) A basic STATCOM, and (c) A basi...Figure 4.15 PV‐STATCOM capability of PV inverter in active power priority mo...Figure 4.16 PV‐STATCOM operation in reactive power priority mode. Active pow...Figure 4.17 PV‐STATCOM operation in reactive power priority mode: Active pow...Figure 4.18 Combined modulation of active and reactive power after partial c...Figure 4.19 Simultaneous modulation of active power and reactive power with ...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Single‐line diagram of the distributed generation study system....Figure 5.2 Solar farm as STATCOM – controller diagram. (a) synchronization, ...Figure 5.3 Solar farm as STATCOM – PCC voltage regulation. (a) PCC voltage p...Figure 5.4 Solar farm as STATCOM – transient performance during 3LG fault. (...Figure 5.5 Single‐line diagram of a realistic feeder in Ontario.Figure 5.6 PV‐STATCOM control system.Figure 5.7 Variation in PCC voltage with increasing wind power during nightt...Figure 5.8 Variation in PCC voltage with increasing wind power during daytim...Figure 5.9 Transient overvoltage at load end during nighttime condition (a) ...Figure 5.10 Relation between distance of wind farm from PV‐STATCOM and react...Figure 5.11 Overall increase in wind farm penetration.Figure 5.12 Modeling of the study system and PV‐STATCOM controller component...Figure 5.13 Flowchart of the PV‐STATCOM operating modes.Figure 5.14 Simulation results for Full STATCOM mode with voltage control du...Figure 5.15 Simulation results for Full STATCOM mode with voltage control du...Figure 5.16 Simulation results for LVRT test with smart PV system during day...Figure 5.17 Single‐line diagram of the study system.Figure 5.18 Modeling of the study system and control components.Figure 5.19 Flowchart of the smart PV inverter PV‐STATCOM operating modes....Figure 5.20 Structure of TOV detection block.Figure 5.21 Performance of three conventional PV systems during small load a...Figure 5.22 Performance of the third 10 MW PV system as PV‐STATCOM, together...Figure 5.23 Performance of one PV system with proposed smart inverter contro...Figure 5.24 PV‐STATCOM control for line loss minimization (a) optimal power ...Figure 5.25 One line diagram of (a) Scenario 1 and (b) Scenario 2.Figure 5.26 PV power generation profile and available reactive power capacit...Figure 5.27 Modified one line diagram of IEEE 33 Bus system with PV solar fa...Figure 5.28 Load profile for typical day as created from IESO data.Figure 5.29 (a) Active power loss without PV systems, with PV systems and wi...Figure 5.30 Voltage profile without PV system, with conventional PV system o...Figure 5.31 Single‐line diagram of the Study System 1.Figure 5.32 A PV system connected to Study System 2 with the proposed PV‐STA...Figure 5.33 (a) Active power output (P) and reactive power capability (Q) of...Figure 5.34 Response of induction motor with and without PV‐STATCOM control....Figure 5.35 Performance comparison of remotely located PV‐STATCOM and locall...Figure 5.36 PV solar system operating at unity power factor (without PV‐STAT...Figure 5.37 Response of PV operating according to German grid code. (a) Moto...Figure 5.38 Motor stabilization by PV‐STATCOM operation at night. (a) Motor ...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Single line diagram of (a) study system I with single solar farm ...Figure 6.2 Overall DG (solar/wind) system model with damping controller and ...Figure 6.3 (a) Maximum nighttime power transfer (850 MW) from generator with...Figure 6.4 (a) Maximum nighttime power transfer (899 MW) from generator with...Figure 6.5 Maximum daytime power transfer (719 MW) from generator with solar...Figure 6.6 Maximum daytime power transfer (861 MW) from generator with solar...Figure 6.7 Maximum nighttime power transfer from generator with both DGs usi...Figure 6.8 Maximum daytime power transfer from generator while both DGs gene...Figure 6.9 Single‐line diagram of two‐area system with 100 MW PV plant conne...Figure 6.10 PV‐STATCOM controller.Figure 6.11 Flowchart of the operation of oscillation detection unit.Figure 6.12 Residue analysis for PV‐STATCOM POD controller.Figure 6.13 Midline and PV active power in two‐area system (230 and 430 MW p...Figure 6.14 (a) Midline and PV active power, (b) PV reactive power, (c) midl...Figure 6.15 (a) Midline and PV active power, (b) PV reactive power, (c) Midl...Figure 6.16 Nighttime (a) Midline active power without POD with PV‐STATCOM c...Figure 6.17 Effect of PV‐STATCOM control on system frequency in two‐area pow...Figure 6.18 Single‐line diagram of two‐area power system with PV‐STATCOM con...Figure 6.19 Detailed nonlinear and small‐signal model of PV‐STATCOM control....Figure 6.20 Flowchart of PV‐STATCOM operation mode selection.Figure 6.21 Residue analysis for PV‐STATCOM Q‐POD controller.Figure 6.22 Residue analysis for PV‐STATCOM P‐POD controller.Figure 6.23 Maximum power transfer capability of the two‐area power system....Figure 6.24 Midline active power; and PV‐STATCOM active power, reactive powe...Figure 6.25 Power system frequency for No POD, Q‐POD, P‐POD, and PQ‐POD cont...Figure 6.26 Study system involving a PV solar farm connected at the synchron...Figure 6.27 Damping controller configuration.Figure 6.28 (a) DC voltage controller, (b) flowchart of DC voltage controlle...Figure 6.29 System response for Mode 1 SSR without PV‐STATCOM controller....Figure 6.30 PV‐STATCOM response for damping of Critical Mode 1 SSR.Figure 6.31 Synchronous generator response for damping of Critical Mode 1 SS...Figure 6.32 Transmission system response for damping of Critical Mode 1 SSR....Figure 6.33 System response for Mode 1 SSR without damping controller during...Figure 6.34 System response for damping of Critical Mode 4 SSR.Figure 6.35 Study system: (a) modified IEEE First SSR Benchmark System with ...Figure 6.36 Windfarm response, without and with PV‐STATCOM controller, P_WF =...Figure 6.37 System response with PV‐STATCOM controller, P_WF = 500 MW, PV sys...Figure 6.38 System response without and with PV‐STATCOM controller, P_WF = 50...Figure 6.39 System response without and with PV‐STATCOM controller, nighttim...Figure 6.40 Single line diagram of the study system.Figure 6.41 Single line diagram of a large PV plant with the proposed PV‐STA...Figure 6.42 (a) Typical active “P” and reactive power “Q” exchange capabilit...Figure 6.43 Response of IMs with PV plant without any control. (a) PCC volta...Figure 6.44 Response of the large PV plant with proposed PV‐STATCOM control....Figure 6.45 Comparison of PV‐STATCOM and other smart inverter controls. (a) ...Figure 6.46 Performance comparison of PV‐STATCOM and actual STATCOM. (a) PCC...Figure 6.47 Impact on system frequency.Figure 6.48 Performance of PV‐STATCOM at night. (a) PCC voltage (RMS), (b) 2...Figure 6.49 Two‐area four‐machine study system.Figure 6.50 Modified WECC generic dynamic model of PV power plant.Figure 6.51 Simultaneous FFR and POD control scheme in a PV‐STATCOM plant co...Figure 6.52 Simultaneous modulation of active power and reactive power with ...Figure 6.53 25 MW load rejection in area 1 (P_available = 100 MW, K_curt = 0):...Figure 6.54 200 MW load rejection in area 1 (P_available = 60 MW, K_curt = 0):...Figure 6.55 25 MW load increase in area 1 (P_available = 100 MW, K_curt = 50%)...Figure 6.56 100 MW load increase in area 1 (P_available = 100 MW, K_curt = 50%...Figure 6.57 100 MW load increase in area 2, PV plant output curtailed by 50%...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Hosting capacity of a distribution feeder. (a) PV systems operati...Figure 7.2 Additional energy storage needed to achieve a marginal PV net LCO...Figure 7.3 Study system.Figure 7.4 Additional PV hosting capacity using APC.Figure 7.5 Additional PV hosting capacity using different module orientation...Figure 7.6 PV hosting capacity of the 10 node test feeder in accordance with...Figure 7.7 Additional PV hosting capacity using DSM.Figure 7.8 Additional PV hosting capacity using distributed storage systems....Figure 7.9 PV hosting capacity (absolute and additional) using RPC.Figure 7.10 Voltage comparison with different PV inverter controls.Figure 7.11 Key characteristics of 17 test feeders: voltage class, maximum l...Figure 7.12 PV hosting capacity results of 17 test feeders.Figure 7.13 Correlation between PV hosting capacity and feeder characteristi...Figure 7.14 Volt‐var function; V₁ = 0.95 pu, Q₁ = 100%, V₂ = 1.05 pu, Q₂ = 1...Figure 7.15 PV hosting capacity results of 17 test feeders after applying va...Figure 7.16 Voltage responses obtained with different volt–var settings.Figure 7.17 Methodology for determining optimal smart inverter controller pa...Figure 7.18 Volt–var control curves with deadband.Figure 7.19 Consideration of voltage constraint during optimization of perfo...Figure 7.20 Study distribution system.Figure 7.21 Aggregate solar and customer load profile over a day.Figure 7.22 Voltage profile over the day for the three study cases.Figure 7.23 Combined volt–var and volt–watt smart inverter functions.Figure 7.24 Volt–var control curves: (a) with deadband and (b) without deadb...Figure 7.25 Feeder voltage profile as a function of distance for 1 March 201...Figure 7.26 Normalized power losses with respect to feeder without SI in fee...Figure 7.27 Case study feeder with the