Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities. Rajiv K. Varma

determining settings of smart inverter funct...Table 7.2 Calculation of PV site impact factor.Table 7.3 Coordinates of volt–var function.Table 7.4 International default settings of volt‐watt function normalized t...Table 7.5 International default settings of volt‐var function normalized to...Table 7.6 Settings of watt‐power factor.Table 7.7 Settings of fixed power factor.

      7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Increase in hosting capacity obtained from different smart grid (...Table 8.2 System eigenvalues for different cases.

      8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Minimum voltages at selected junction points before and after EV ...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A simple power system with an inductor connected at PCC.Figure 1.2 Phasor diagrams for network with inductive load; (a) network with...Figure 1.3 A simple power system with a capacitor connected at PCC.Figure 1.4 Phasor diagrams for network with capacitive load; (a) network wit...Figure 1.5 A simple power system with a PV solar system connected at PCC.Figure 1.6 Phasor diagrams for network with active power injection from the ...Figure 1.7 Sequential frequency controls after a sudden loss of generation a...Figure 1.8 Simultaneous contributions of inertial response, primary frequenc...Figure 1.9 Voltage rise due to active power injected by solar PV based DER i...Figure 1.10 A realistic distribution feeder in Ontario.Figure 1.11 PCC bus voltages for various solar farm output cases with increa...Figure 1.12 TOV in PCC phase voltages for fault at load end.Figure 1.13 California ISO (CAISO) Duck Chart.Figure 1.14 (a, b) Network resonant frequency not coincident with harmonic f...Figure 1.15 System equivalent inertia at different PV penetration levels....Figure 1.16 WECC frequency response under high PV penetration scenarios: (a)...Figure 1.17 Typical behavior of power systems with different levels of store...Figure 1.18 Single‐line diagram of the study system near the participating g...Figure 1.19 Speed of generator 2103 after a three‐phase fault at bus 2104....

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 P–Q capability curve of a distributed energy resource.Figure 2.2 Reactive power capability of a typical synchronous generator comp...Figure 2.3 Depiction of different interconnecting buses.Figure 2.4 Minimum reactive power capability of Category B DERs.Figure 2.5 Constant power factor function.Figure 2.6 Volt–var curve of a DER.Figure 2.7 Default volt–var settings for different international standards....Figure 2.8 Typical watt–var characteristic.Figure 2.9 Dynamic reactive current injection.Figure 2.10 Dynamic reactive current support function.Figure 2.11 Volt–watt characteristic for DER (a) without energy storage; (b)...Figure 2.12 International default volt–watt settings normalized to ANSI volt...Figure 2.13 Combined operation of volt–var mode and volt–watt mode of operat...Figure 2.14 Dynamic volt–watt function.Figure 2.15 DER response to abnormal voltages and voltage ride‐through requi...Figure 2.16 DER response to abnormal voltages and voltage ride‐through requi...Figure 2.17 Voltage ride‐through time duration curve from NERC. ^*The area ou...Figure 2.18 Frequency watt function 1.Figure 2.19 Frequency watt function 2.Figure 2.20 Frequency‐droop function curves.Figure 2.21 Frequency watt function with battery energy storage.Figure 2.22 DER default response to abnormal frequencies and frequency ride‐...Figure 2.23 Off nominal frequency capability curve from NERC (a) Eastern int...Figure 2.24 Charging function of the ESS‐based DER.Figure 2.25 State of charge (SOC)‐based model of ESS.

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 A smart inverter system connected to the power system.Figure 3.2 Active and reactive power flow from the smart inverter system tow...Figure 3.3 Reactive power injection by the smart inverter system.Figure 3.4 Reactive power absorption by the smart inverter system.Figure 3.5 Control system of a smart PV inverter system.Figure 3.6 Typical I–V characteristic of a PV module at (a) different ...Figure 3.7 Variation of power output from a PV solar panel.Figure 3.8 A two‐level Voltage Source Converter.Figure 3.9 AC filter.Figure 3.10 Phasor diagram of space phasor

in abc and dq reference frames....Figure 3.11 Sinusoidal pulse width modulation. (a) Modulating signal and car...Figure 3.12 Phasor diagram prior to synchronization by PLL.Figure 3.13 Phasor diagram after synchronization by PLL.Figure 3.14 Block diagram of a Phase Locked Loop.Figure 3.15 Block diagram of the current controller.Figure 3.16 Block diagram of DC‐link voltage controller.Figure 3.17 Implementation of volt–var smart inverter function.Figure 3.18 Block diagram of PCC voltage controller.Figure 3.19 Typical topology of a solar PV plant.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Single machine connected to infinite bus.Figure 4.2 Comparison of different power flow limits in a transmission line....Figure 4.3 A TSC–TCR based SVC.Figure 4.4 Typical control system of SVC.Figure 4.5 Synchronous condenser.Figure 4.6 Variation of synchronous condenser armature current with change i...Figure 4.7 STATCOM with DC capacitor (no energy storage). (a) power circuit,...Figure 4.8 Typical Voltage versus Current characteristics of a) STATCOM and ...Figure 4.9 Typical control system of a STATCOM.Figure 4.10 (a) Typical low voltage ride‐through characteristic; (b) typical...Figure 4.11 Voltage profile across a long transmission line.Figure 4.12