Globalization. George Ritzer

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      52 Nederveen Pieterse, Jan. 2012. “Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization.” New Global Studies 6 (2): 1–25.

      53 Nederveen Pieterse, Jan. 2015. Globalization and Culture, 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

      54 Noack, Karoline. 2019. “Health and Medicine.” In Ludger Kühnhardtand Tilman Mayer, eds., The Bonn Handbook of Globality. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 217–226.

      55 Panitch, Leo, Sam Gindin, and James Parisot. 2013. “American Empire, Global Crisis, and the Rise of China: An Interview with Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin.” International Critical Thought 3 (2): 139–245.

      56 Platt, Kevin Holden. 2013. “China’s Venetian Quandary: Chinese Artists.” New York Times June 11.

      57 Portes, Alejandro. 2001. “Introduction: The Debates and Significance of Immigrant Transnationalism.” Global Networks 1 (3).

      58 Rapoza, Kenneth. 2020. “The Post-Coronavirus World May Be the End of the Globalization.” Forbes April 3.

      59 Ray, Larry. 2012. “Communism.” In George Ritzer, ed., Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

      60 Ritzer, George. 1972. Working: Conflict and Change. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

      61 Ritzer, George. 1997. Postmodern Social Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

      62 Ritzer, George, and Zeynep Atalay, eds. 2010. Readings in Globalization: Key Concepts and Major Debates. Oxford: Blackwell.

      63 Ritzer, George, and Jeffrey Stepnisky. 2017. Sociological Theory, 10th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

      64 Robertson, Roland. 1990. “Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept.” In Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity. London: Sage.

      65 Robertson, Roland, and David Inglis. 2004. “The Global Animus: In the Tracks of World Consciousness.” Globalizations 1 (1): 38–49.

      66 Robinson, William I.2007. “Transnationality.” In Jan Aart Scholteand Roland Robertson, eds., Encyclopedia of Globalization. New York: MTM Publishing.

      67 Rosenthal, Elisabeth. 2007. “As Earth Warms Up, Virus from Tropics Moves to Italy.” New York Times December 23.

      68 Rugman, Alan. 2012. The End of Globalization. New York: Random House.

      69 Scholte, Jan Aart. 2005. Globalization: A Critical Introduction, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave.

      70 Snyder, Francis, Zhouke Hu, and Xinjia Zheng. 2018. “Slow Food in Europe, the USA and China: A Comparative Perspective.” Peking University School of Transnational Law Research Paper No. 18–6.

      71 Stacey, Oliver, Giulia De Lazzari, Hilary Grayson, Hazel Griffin, Emily Jones, Amanda Taylor, and David Thomas. 2018. The Globalization of Science Curricula. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

      72 Suarez-Orozco, Marcelo M., and Carolyn Smith. 2007. “Learning in the Global Era.” In Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco, ed., Learning in the Global Era: International Perspectives on Globalization and Education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

      73 Therborn, Goran. 2000. “Globalizations: Dimensions, Historical Waves, Regional Effects, Normative Governance.” International Sociology 15: 151–179.

      74 UNICEF. 2018. A Future Stolen: Young and Out of School. New York: UNICEF.

      75 Vertigans, Stephen, and Philip W. Sutton. 2002. “Globalisation Theory and Islamic Practice.” Global Society 16 (1): 31–46.

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      77 Weber, Max. 1904–1905/1958. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner’s.

      78 Weber, Max. 1927/1981. General Economic History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

      79 Wolf, Martin. 2005. Why Globalization Works. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

      80 Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. 1998. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Touchstone.

      81 Zürn, Michael, and Pieter de Wilde. 2016. “Debating Globalization: Cosmopolitanism and Communitarianism as Political Ideologies.” Journal of Political Ideologies 21 (3): 280–301.

      ADDITIONAL READINGS

      1 Beck, Ulrich. 2016. The Metamorphosis of the World: How Climate Change Is Transforming Our Concept of the World. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

      2 Bhagwati, Jagdish. 2007. In Defense of Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press.

      3 Chomsky, Noam. 2003. Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance. New York: Metropolitan Books.

      4 Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Power Systems: Conversations on Global Democratic Uprisings and the New Challenges to U.S. Empire. New York: Metropolitan Books.

      5 Gopinath, Chinnam. 2018. Globalization: A Multi-Dimensional System, 3rd ed. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

      6 Harf, James, Mark Lombardi, and Marie Harf. 2018. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Global Issues, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

      7 Held, David, and Anthony McGrew. 2000. “The Great Globalization Debate: An Introduction.” In David Heldand Anthony McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 1–50.

      8 Hoffman, Stanley. 2002. “Clash of Globalizations.” Foreign Affairs 81 (4): 104/15.

      9 Ritzer, George, and Zeynep Atalay, eds. 2010. Readings in Globalization: Key Concepts and Major Debates. Oxford: Blackwell.

      10 Stacey, Oliver, Giulia De Lazzari, Hilary Grayson, Hazel Griffin, Emily Jones, Amanda Taylor, and David Thomas. 2018. The Globalization of Science Curricula. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

      11 Zürn, Michael, and Pieter de Wilde. 2016. “Debating Globalization: Cosmopolitanism and Communitarianism as Political Ideologies.” Journal of Political Ideologies 21 (3): 280–301.

      NOTES

      1 1 The title of this chapter is derived from an anthology the first author edited many years ago. See Ritzer (1972).

      2 2 Immigrants can be thought of as “transnational” when they are involved in a variety of relationships (e.g. social, economic, political) that cut across the nations of settlement and origin creating a new transnational field (Basch et al. 1994). While there are certainly many immigrants who fit into this category and their number is likely growing, there has been a tendency to overestimate their number and to conflate transmigrants and immigrants. Thus, Portes (2001a: 183) concludes: “It is more useful to conceptualize transnationalism as one form of economic, political and cultural adaptation that co-exists with other, more traditional forms [e.g. assimilation].” He usefully limits the idea of transnational activities to “those initiated and sustained by non-institutional actors, be they organized groups or networks of individuals across national borders. Many of these activities are informal, that is they take place outside the pale of state regulation and control… . they represent goal-oriented initiatives that require coordination across national borders by members of civil society. These activities are undertaken on their own behalf, rather than on behalf of the state or corporate bodies” (Portes 2001a: 186).

      3 3 By the way, this idea of such a basic “urge” is quite controversial and is critiqued by postmodernists (and others) as being suggestive of “essentialism,” or the notion that there is some fundamental