A Companion to Hobbes. Группа авторов

3 vols. London: Thomas Tegg.

      10 Curley, Edwin. 1992. “‘I Durst Not Write So Boldly’ or How to Read Hobbes’ Theological-Political Treatise.” In Hobbes e Spinoza, edited by Daniela Bostrengi, 497–593. Naples: Bibliopolis

      11 Detlefson, Karen. 2006. “Atomism, Monism, and Causation in the Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish.” In Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Vol. 3, edited by Daniel Garberand Steven Nadler, 199–240. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

      12 Evans, Ernest1948. Adversus Praxean Liber. London: S.P.C.K.

      13 Gorham, Geoffrey. 2013. “The Theological Foundations of Hobbesian Physics: A Defense of Corporeal God.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 21: 240–61.

      14 Gorham, Geoffrey. 2014a. “Mixing Bodily Fluids: Hobbes’s Stoic God.” Sophia: International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion 53: 33–49.

      15 Gorham, Geoffrey. 2014b. “Hobbes on the Reality of Time.” Hobbes Studies 27: 80–103.

      16 Herbert, Gary B.1977. “Hobbes’s Phenomenology of Space.” Journal of the History of Ideas 48: 709–17.

      17 Hobbes, Thomas. 1839–1845a. The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, 11 vols., edited by Sir William Molesworth. London: John Bohn. Cited as EW.

      18 Hobbes, Thomas. 1839–1845b. Thomæ Hobbes malmesburiensis opera philosophica, 5 vols., edited by Gulielmi Molesworth. London: John Bohn. Cited as OL.

      19 Hobbes, Thomas. 1976. Thomas White’s De Mundo Examined, edited by Harold W. Jones. London: Bradford University Press.

      20 Hobbes, Thomas. 2012. Leviathan, 3 vols., edited by Noel Malcolm. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [First published 1651].

      21 James, Susan. 1999. “The Innovations of Margaret Cavendish.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 7: 219–44.

      22 Jesseph, Douglas. 2002. “Hobbes’s Atheism.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy edited by P. A. French and H. K. Weinstein, 26: 140–66.

      23 Laertius, Diogenes. 1997. In Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings, 2nd ed., edited by Brad Inwoodand Lloyd P. Gerson. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.

      24 Lagrée, Jacqueline. 1994. Juste Lipse et La Restauration to Stoïcisme. Paris: Vrin.

      25 Leijenhorst, Cees. 1996. “Hobbes Theory of Causality and It’s Aristotelian Background.” The Monist 79 (1996): 426–47.

      26 Leijenhorst, Cees. 2002. The Mechanisation of Aristotelianism: The Late Aristotelian Setting of Thomas Hobbes’ Natural Philosophy. Leiden: Brill.

      27 Leijenhorst, Cees. 2004. “Hobbes’s Corporeal Deity.” Revista di storia della filosofia 59 (1): 73–95.

      28 Lipsius, Justus. 1604. Physiologiae Stoicurm libre tres. Antwerp: J. Moretus.

      29 Long, Anthony A. 2003. “Stoicism in the Philosophical Tradition: Spinoza, Lipsius, Butler.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, edited by Brad Inwood, 365–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

      30 Long, Anthony A.and David N. Sedley, eds. 1987. The Hellenistic Philosophers, Vol. 1: Translation of the Principles Sources with Philosophical Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cited by LS and page number.

      31 Lupoli, Agostino. 1999. “Fluidismo e Corporeal Deity nella filosofia naturale di Thomas Hobbes.” Revista di storia della filosofia 54 (4): 573–609.

      32 Martinich, Aloysius P.1992. The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

      33 Medina, José. 1997. “Les Temps Chez Hobbes.” Études Philosophiques 2: 171–90.

      34 Morford, Mark. 1991. Stoics and Neostoics: Rubens and the Circle of Lipsius. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

      35 Riverso, Emanuele. 1991. “Denotation and Corporeity in Leviathan.” Metalogicon IV: 78–92.

      36 Sambursky, Samuel. 2014. Physics of the Stoics. Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library.

      37 Sarasohn, Lisa T.2010. The Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

      38 Saunders, Jason. 1955. Justus Lipsius: The Philosophy of Renaissance Stoicism. New York: Liberal Arts Press.

      39 Slowik, Edward. 2014. “Hobbes and the Phantasm of Space.” Hobbes Studies 14 (2014): 61–79.

      40 Sorabji, Richard. 1988. Matter, Space & Motion: Theories in Antiquity and Their Sequel. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

      41 Spragens, Thomas A.1973. The Politics of Nature: The World of Thomas Hobbes. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

      42 Springborg, Patricia. 2010. “Hobbes’s Fool the Stultus, Grotius, and the Epicurean Tradition.” Hobbes Studies 23: 29–53.

      43 Springborg, Patricia. 2012. “Hobbes’s Challenge to Descartes, Bramhall and Boyle: A Corporeal God.” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 20: 903–34.

      44 Stanley, Thomas. 1655–1660. History of Philosophy, 3 vols. London: Humphrey Mosley and Thomas Dring.

      45 Tertullian. 1885. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. III: Tertullian, edited by Alexander Robertsand James Donaldson. Buffalo: The Christian Library.

      46 Todd, Robert. 1978. “Monism and Immanence: The Foundations of Stoic Physics.” In The Stoics, edited by John M. Rist, 136–70. Berkeley: University of California Press.

      47 Todd, Robert C.1976. Alexander of Aphrodisias on Stoic Physics: A Study of the De Mixtione with Preliminary Essays, Text, Translation and Commentary. Leiden: Brill. Cited as T with page number.

      48 Tuck, Richard. 1983. “Grotius, Carneades and Hobbes.” Grotiana 4: 43–62.

      49 Tzamalikos, Panayiotis1991. “Origen and the Stoic View of Time.” Journal of the History of Ideas 52: 535–61.

      50 Weber, Dominique. 2009. Hobbes et le Corps de Dieu. Paris: J. Vrin.

3 Hobbesian Mathematics and the Dispute with Wallis

      DOUGLAS JESSEPH

Mathematics plays a prominent role in Hobbes’s grand intellectual project. In the course of more than two decades he published over a dozen mathematical works, ranging from brief pamphlets to synoptic treatments of the subject.¹ Quantity of output is no guarantee of its quality, however, and Hobbes’s mathematics is remembered primarily for his many failed attempts to square the circle and solve other famous mathematical problems. His long and humiliating controversy with John Wallis, Oxford’s Savilian Professor of Geometry, annihilated Hobbes’s mathematical reputation and has left the widely shared impression that there is nothing of value to be found in his many mathematical writings.² My purpose here is not to defend Hobbes’s attempts to solve what we now know to be unsolvable problems, but rather to examine the philosophical and methodological basis upon which his mathematics was founded and the broader context in which it developed. Toward that end, this chapter is divided in two sections. The first is an overview of Hobbes’s materialistic philosophy of mathematics. The second investigates his controversy with Wallis.

      3.1 The Hobbesian Philosophy of Mathematics

      The significance that Hobbes attached to mathematics (and, more particularly, to geometry) is attested by a famous anecdote recorded by his friend John Aubrey. He reports that Hobbes was initiated into the study of mathematics by happening to come across Euclid’s proof of the Pythagorean Theorem (Euclid 1925):

He was … 40 yeares old before he looked upon geometry; which happened accidentally. Being in a gentleman’s library in ___, Euclid’s Elements lay open, and’twas the 47 El. libri. I. He read the proposition. “By G___,” sayd he, “this is impossible!” So he reads the demonstration of it, which referred him back to such a proposition; which proposition he read. That referred him