Intelligent Connectivity. Abdulrahman Yarali

Figure 2.1 Investment and usage of the most popular technologies.

Figure 2.2 The fusion of 5G, AI, and IoT (GSMA International 2018).

      However, it is essential to highlight what these programs may learn in general because “mimicking” human cognition is extremely hard to process many different things associated with the different subject‐based ideas since they have not been explored yet. That specifically brings in necessities that could essentially address the most prescient challenges standing in front of all humankind (Siau and Wang 2018). One of the most important among them is communication, which has become unimaginably fast over time. However, by all indications the 5G network technology straightforwardly points towards the fact that creating these networks could present remarkably prescient challenges (Pagé and Dricot 2016). This fact is most evident by the routines that prominently manage and direct pathways among the immense complexities of what makes a complete and comprehensive network at large. However, the motivation behind such a high=performing network requirement is also an issue that needs addressing.

In terms of 5G networks, it is notable that the primary motivation for the development and advancement is mainly the strain of technologies, such as the IoT. This correctly points towards the mode of innovation of giving everyday commonplace objects and mechanical devices communication and processing capabilities. In almost all of these cases, human intervention needs these object operations and their functionalities. That means these objects or “things” would have to execute their functions with no or minimum possible human intervention (Siau and Wang 2018). Thus, IoT development could lead to a drastic increase in computing devices or specific nodes across the network at large. It is entirely plausible that the current versions would not support billions of such devices, which would also increase dramatically with every passing moment (Yazıcı, Kozat, and Sunay 2014). This issue explicitly highlights the need to implement 5G networks in terms of expectations and objectives. However, what these specific standards imply is altogether different. First of all, it is essential to focus on the present perspectives about AI, alongside all of their critical factors and commonalities.

      2.1.1 Learning Algorithm and Its Connections to AI

      It is apparent that the case of “learning” is most definitely an essential way of directing what needs to be an intrinsic guiding factor across all forms and manifestations of AI technology. The learning algorithm is mostly used in a sub‐domain of techniques known as machine learning. The technology innovation happens to operate apropos to neural networks, at which point the sophisticated manifestations of execution are significantly reflective of important aspects of a notable issue (Andrieu et al. 2003). Many different learning algorithms are continually being developed with a definite outlook on autonomy and decision‐making. Some notable examples of basic learning algorithms include logic regression, linear regression, decision trees, random forests, etc. It is essential to note that all of these program commonalities involve extrapolation from data obtained through testing and training, so that projections or build models can be manifested automatically (West 2016).

      Moreover, these are notable tools that help pull data points together from a confusing and significantly large repository of variable qualities of data. The potential that these learning algorithms hold is quite apparent. They serve as essentially theoretical guides that provide effective solutions all across the board. However, it is also vital to address what their actual application looks like.

      2.1.2 Machine Learning as a Precursor to AI

      The learning algorithms discussed in the section above constitute the overall topic or subject of machine learning. This involves the study and innovation of both the algorithms and statistical frameworks where essential and critical tasks can be ensured without a specific pattern, depending upon how inference and adaptation should work. Essentially speaking, machine learning operations are viewed as being a “subset” of AI in which the algorithms implemented could effectively create a separate mathematical model through the full realization of the available data, but without the presence of a specific embedded task that has been constantly defined (Andrieu et al. 2003). At present, machine learning is being used. There is a definitive closeness detected for the technology in computational statistics, which can be immensely beneficial to everyone involved. There are many forms of learning made possible by this strain of technologies. However, AI is tied with that specific active learning event, which works based on choosing the exact variables to work upon selectively at the beginning itself (Arel, Rose, and Karnowski 2010). As a result of this, there is a significant decrease in costs accrued in terms of time and output. Therefore, machine learning holds a prominent position, which could be why fully‐fledged AI technologies could be developed in many ways. It is essential to “proverbially” go down to a far deeper extent than what one can imagine (West 2016). This is the overall effect of what machine learning could achieve concerning the technology of AI, and reflects far greater possibilities, all of which would be rendered quite possible even if the need for knowledge goes deeper than what one might imagine.

      2.1.3 Deep Learning and Realization of AI

      Deep Learning constitutes a part of the broader family of machine learning based upon the notion of artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, that is specifically a limited viewpoint of the technology at large. This has also been known for the inclusion of propositional formulae organized by multiple generative models, such as the specific nodes present in the deep belief model (deep neural networks) and deep Boltzmann machines (Chen and Zhao 2014). Across deep learning, the most apparent form of realization is the passage of data through multiple layers, wherein the data in question becomes more abstract and composite by the fold. ANNs formulate an essential aspect of this form of technology as it aims to be inspired by the biological neural networks in living beings. Particularly, these systems, when implemented, can improve themselves instead of doing some specific tasks at hand. However, one must also consider the deep neural network option, as it is an ANN but with multiple inputs and output layers. The network moves based on calculating the probability of multiple outputs and presents the seemingly most appropriate options in light of a given problem (Katsaros and Dianati 2017). Through their implementation with computer vision, speech recognition, network filtering, social media filtering, etc., deep learning has achieved a completely different domain, which has moved close to the manifestation of actual AI in terms of the improvement factor.

      2.1.4 Consideration of the Next Generation Wireless Technology

      Communication is always at the forefront of all conversations about human innovation and realization. One of the most consequential developments to happen all across this specific domain involves that of wireless communication. In that specific definition, telephone services are provisioned to remote phone devices, allowing free movement instead of just being fixed at a single location as it had been in the past. These devices specifically receive and can send radio signals with cellular base stations fixed in proximity and utilize high‐performing antennas (Hassabis et al. 2017). These are then connected to cable communication networks and switching systems that perform the translation of the all‐important data, which is being transmitted as audio signals. The 5G constitutes next‐generation cellular system technology, where the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defines it as the 5G New Radio (5G NR) to indicate the developments and innovations across cellular technology as well as other systems (Al‐Falahy and Alani 2017). This transition and evolvement follow that of past generations of second generation (2G), third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G) networks, respectively, in the past. The