Managing in a Complex World. Johannes Rüegg-Stürm

of St. Gallen and play a key role in its further development through their work. Particularly inspiring and enriching was our intense exchange of ideas with Hansjörg Siegenthaler and Elisabeth Michel-Alder, as well as with Martha Feldman, Ann Langley, Ann Cunliffe, Robert Chia, Alfred Kieser, Henry Mintzberg, Davide Nicolini, and Rudolf Wimmer, in the context of our “Distinguished Management Scholar Series.” [6] While developing, realizing, and finalizing this text, we have received tireless support from our committed, professional, and patient project team. Special thanks go to Naomi Kink and Andreas Schwendener. They have supported us not only with excellent project management but also with many inspiring ideas, which have considerably enriched this book. We thank our translators, Jay Binneweg and Mark Kyburz, for their tireless commitment and painstaking attention to detail. We also wish to thank Victoria Hotz and Flavio Tschopp, who have provided valuable advice on making this book more accessible. Our very special thanks go to Monika Steiger for providing the conditions under which we are able to tackle our daily work at the Organization Studies Research Center of the Institute for Systemic Management and Public Governance (IMP-HSG).

      We are grateful to the project team at Alltag (Gloria Weiss, Phillip Bührer, and Rachel Kühne), whose patience and creative inspiration have produced visual materials that works, as well as a neatly designed, aesthetically pleasing book. Finally, we wish to thank Matthias Haupt for being an excellent publisher.

      We have co-authored this book from start to finish. The fact that our endeavor has borne fruit is not self-evident. It is not our achievement alone, but the result of a mixture of intellectual joy, trust, friendship and happiness, for which we are grateful.

      St. Gallen, October 2019

      Johannes Rüegg-Stürm & Simon Grand [7]

      How best to approach this book

      The St. Gallen Management Model (SGMM) is not simply a collection of conceptual frameworks. Instead, it presents two complementary perspectives on the interplay of environment, organization, and management in the form of an integrated model. Together, these interacting perspectives – the task perspective and the practice perspective – form the SGMM.

      • The task perspective focuses on the two core tasks of management: first, to provide business-oriented analysis; second, to design organizational value creation. As such, this perspective also examines the analytical tools needed to perform these tasks.

      • The practice perspective illuminates the fundamental cultural and communicative preconditions for management to achieve impact. We adopt this perspective to familiarize readers step-by-step with new ways of thinking about environment, organization, and management.

      We are convinced that exploring innovative visions of the future and possibilities for action, and opening up to critical reflection what might otherwise be unquestioningly considered self-evident, requires developing new and thus unfamiliar forms of language and thought.

      With this in mind, we hope that interested readers will approach this book unbiased. Working with the SGMM ought to serve two purposes: first, to generate new and helpful ways of thinking about management practice; second, to help deepen and reflect on these insights together with colleagues, perhaps also in connection with pursuing a degree or executive training in management. We hope, moreover, that the management practices established at a specific organization, as well as the associated challenges, may also become the subject of the kind of reflection suggested here.

      We have provided several aids to support readers as they work through this book. The SGMM is structured according to a number of basic principles. Knowing these facilitates reading the book and working with the model. [9]

      • Important definitions and terms are italicized (and thus highlighted). They can also easily be found in the subject index.

      • The model categories of the SGMM are presented and explained in the introductions to the task perspective and the practice perspective. These two perspectives and their interplay become more understandable as readers become more familiar with the entire model. Conversely, a solid knowledge of the individual model categories promotes overall understanding of the model. Hence, we suggest that readers not only read through each chapter once, but also delve deeper into especially relevant sections.

      • Understanding the model will depend on one’s own grappling with its components and thus on one’s willingness to constructively and critically illumine specific topics based on one’s own work context.

      • Managers may use the SGMM to initiate fundamental processes of clarification and reflection, on the one hand in general conceptual terms and on the other in concrete design terms. The term “strategy” illustrates this particularly well:

      – The term “strategy,” which we introduce as a model category in the SGMM’s task perspective, has manifold meanings in science and practice. Managers must clarify which aspects, phenomena, and facts of organizational reality the term “strategy” represents and should be used for in daily practice. Hence, one needs to fundamentally clarify the meaning of strategy in general and define how strategy ought to be understood. This serves to develop a common understanding of strategy as a general concept among managers. [10]

      – On this basis, one needs to simultaneously clarify what a specific organization’s “strategy” consists of concretely. What is its core? How does it become visible? What is it meant to achieve? The SGMM’s practice perspective includes various considerations and forms of description. These facilitate precisely describing an established strategy in its complexity and “communitizing” its understanding by the responsible managers. This, in turn, is an important prerequisite for further developing a strategy, jointly and purposefully.

      • In order to help our readers develop a good overall understanding of the SGMM, we have cross-referenced important topics, terms, and illustrations. The four main chapters are abbreviated as follows:

      – Introduction: INT

      – Task perspective: TPP

      – Transition to the practice perspective: TRA

      – Practice perspective: PPP

      Chapter abbreviations are followed by a reference to the corresponding section. For example, chapter 5.4.1 (“Cultural understanding”) in the task perspective is cross-referenced as follows: (→ TPP, 5.4.1).

      In sum, the SGMM invites managers to work together with their teams on topics and challenges so as provide additional and novel scope for action and development with a view to advancing organizational value creation.

      Saying that, the SGMM also invites teachers and students to experience, in a new way, the interplay of environment, organization, and management of organizations with which they may already be familiar, and to critically reflect on selected topics. Visit www.sgmm.ch for additional information and teaching materials. [11]

Preface

      INTRODUCTION

      1 Why is a detailed examination of management more important than ever?

      The term “management” is ubiquitous nowadays. Nevertheless, what management really is, or rather what its core is, often remains vague. Thirty years ago, Hans Ulrich spoke of a “societal function that is not understood” (Ulrich, 1984). He thus highlighted that although management is highly important, not only economically but also societally, its importance is often not explicitly addressed. Second, he indicated that the core of management is actually far from obvious (Malik, 2013; Tsoukas, 1994; Watson, 1994). We consider this unsatisfactory. Not only because management is so omnipresent today but also because it is becoming increasingly important and demanding (Cunliffe, 2014; Mintzberg, 2009; Ulrich, 1984).

      Here we mean the core purpose of management, which often remains undefined in business administration (Malik, 2013; Ulrich, 1984):