Laboratory Methods for Soil Health Analysis, Volume 2. Группа авторов

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      27 Olness, A., and Archer, D.W. (2005). Effect of organic carbon on available water in soil. Soil Sci. 170, 90–101. doi:10.1097/00010694‐200502000‐00002

      28 Olsen, S.R., and Sommers, L.E. (1982). Phosphorus. In A.L. Page, et al., editors, Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (p. 403–430). 2nd ed. Madison, WI: ASA and SSSA.

      29 Reynolds, W.D., and Elrick, D.E. (1990). Ponded infiltration from a single ring: I. Analysis of steady flow. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 1233–1241. doi:10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400050006x

      30 Rhoades, J.D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: D.L. Sparks, editor, Methods of soil analysis: Part 3. Chemical methods (p. 417–435). Madison, WI: SSSA. doi:10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c14

      31 Schindelbeck, R.R., Moebius‐Clune, B.N., Moebius‐Clune, D.J., Kurtz, K.S., and van Es, H.M. (2016). Cornell university comprehensive assessment of soil health laboratory standard operating procedures. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. https://cpb‐us‐e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/f/5772/files/2015/03/CASH‐Standard‐Operating‐Procedures‐030217final‐u8hmwf.pdf

      32 Sherrod, L.A., Dunn, G., Peterson, G.A., and Kolberg, R.L. (2002). Inorganic carbon analysis by modified pressure‐calcimeter method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, 299–305. doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.2990

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      40 Ussiri, D.A.N., and Lal, R. (2009). Long‐term tillage effects on soil carbon storage and carbon dioxide emissions in continuous corn cropping system from an alfisol in Ohio. Soil Tillage Res. 104, 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.still.2008.11.008

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      42 Veum, K.S., Sudduth, K.E., Kremer, R.J., and Kitchen, N.R. (2015). Estimating a soil quality index with VNIR reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 79, 637–649. doi:10.2136/sssaj2014.09.0390

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2 Sampling Considerations and Field Evaluations for Soil Health Assessment

       Mark A. Liebig, Dennis Chessman, Jonathan J. Halvorson, and Roberto Luciano

      Sampling approaches for soil health assessments will vary considerably depending upon the purpose for which an evaluation is undertaken. Decisions regarding sampling location, timing, and frequency will ultimately determine the quality and usefulness of collected data. Tradeoffs associated with balancing the quantity and quality of information obtained with the investment of time and resources must be addressed when selecting a sampling method. This chapter is intended to provide general guidelines for collecting samples and conducting select field evaluations for soil health assessments.

Introduction

      Soil health sampling approaches will vary considerably depending upon the evaluator’s goals which may range from a qualitative understanding of near‐surface soil conditions at a single point in time to detailed analytical characterizations of a suite of soil properties across broad landscapes to evaluate long‐term change. Whether a land manager, consultant, conservationist, or scientist, each evaluator will need to balance the desire for useful information about a soil’s status with the investment of time and resources to obtain that information (Dick et al., 1996).

      Regardless of the chosen approach, a common requirement of all is to accurately assess the condition of a soil, which is an inherently complex medium varying across space and time. To address this complexity, evaluators must consider a series of questions dealing with location, timing, frequency, and sampling protocol that will affect the quality and usefulness of collected data.

Table 2.1 Synthesis of select resources addressing sampling considerations and field evaluations for soil health assessment.

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