Complications in Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Surgery. Ron Ben-Amotz

appearance of a CCWO wedge. Note the presence of the ...Figure 9.8 (a) The wedge and packing swabs have been removed. Note the intac...Figure 9.9 Postoperative (a) craniocaudal and (b) mediolateral projections s...Figure 9.10 Postoperative (a) craniocaudal and (b) mediolateral projections ...Figure 9.11 (a,b) Postoperative projections reveal a small lateral osteotomy...Figure 9.12 (a) A broad 3.5 mm locking TPLO plate is offered up to the corte...Figure 9.13 (a) Routine symmetrical wedge planning. The wedge is planned 10 ...Figure 9.14 (a) In the context of tibial plateau leveling, sagittal plane an...Figure 9.15 (a) “Rock‐back” following CCWO describes loss of reduction of th...Figure 9.16 Reduced radiopacity at the osteotomy site without loss of reduct...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Appropriate limb positioning for a radiograph in the mediolat...Figure 10.2 (a) The saphenous neurovascular bundle (black arrow). (b) Identif...Figure 10.3 (a) To mark D1, the caliper is placed with one arm at the insert...Figure 10.4 In this cadaveric image, one can identify the popliteal artery l...Figure 10.5 (a) Identification of the insertion point for rotational pin pla...Figure 10.6 (a) Postoperative TPLO using a six‐hole Synthes locking plate. T...Figure 10.7 (a) Postoperative craniocaudal radiographs in which a screw is no...Figure 10.8 (a) Precontoured plate. Note the direction on the proximal three ...Figure 10.9 (a–c) Immediate postoperative TPLO using a 2.4 locking plat...Figure 10.10 (a) Immediate postoperative craniocaudal radiographs showing a m...Figure 10.11 (a) The skin has been retracted laterally and the fibula is expo...Figure 10.12 (a) Fourteen months post TPLO radiographs following a chronic dr...Figure 10.13 (a) Tibial tuberosity fracture in a small‐breed dog 2 weeks foll...Figure 10.14 Apical patella fracture (yellow arrow) and patellar tendon thic...Figure 10.15 (a,b) Four months post TPLO procedure in a German Shorthaired Po...Figure 10.16 (a,b) Immediate postoperative TPLO radiographs indicating target...Figure 10.17 Mediolateral projection is used for accurate measuring of the t...Figure 10.18 Two weeks postoperative TPLO patient that sustained a fall. A s...Figure 10.19 Mediolateral projection is used for accurate measuring of the t...Figure 10.20 (a,b) Ten‐day postoperative radiographs showing a catastrophic f...Figure 10.21 (a) Postoperative TPLO failure. There is marked caudal displacem...

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 A lateral radiograph of the left stifle. Notice how the proximal...Figure 11.2 The same lateral radiograph as in Figure 11.1; the angle formed ...Figure 11.3 A lateral radiograph of the left stifle revealing preoperative p...Figure 11.4 A lateral radiograph of the left stifle following complete osteo...Figure 11.5 The goal of the cranial exit of the osteotomy is that it is tang...Figure 11.6 Impingement of the cranial cortex of the proximal fragment resul...Figure 11.7 Immediate lateral postoperative radiograph following a right CBL...Figure 11.8 Ten‐day postoperative lateral radiograph of a 170 lb dog followi...Figure 11.9 (a) Medial aspect of the tibia of a bone model demonstrating the ...Figure 11.10 (a) Medial aspect of the tibia of a bone model demonstrating lac...Figure 11.11 Preoperative planning radiograph to ensure that plate placement...Figure 11.12 Immediate postoperative lateral radiograph of a 170 lb dog foll...Figure 11.13 Immediate cranio‐caudal postoperative view following revision s...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Medio‐lateral postoperative radiographs of the (a) original TTA ...Figure 12.2 (a) Screw and (b) fork‐based TTA plates.Figure 12.3 A proximodistal view of the articular surface of the tibia. A cr...Figure 12.4 A distal tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture involving the fork ...Figure 12.5 (a) Mediolateral radiograph of an immediate postoperative stifle....Figure 12.6 Correct TTA implant application principles and osteotomy charact...Figure 12.7 Mediolateral radiograph of a stifle illustrating an ideal tibial...Figure 12.8 Multiple mediolateral stifle radiographs demonstrating the varia...Figure 12.9 Intraoperative view of the proximal medial tibia showing the thi...Figure 12.10 (a) Mediolateral radiograph of a stifle showing proper straight ...Figure 12.11 Mediolateral radiograph of a postoperative stifle revealing fis...Figure 12.12 Mediolateral radiograph of an immediate postoperative stifle il...Figure 12.13 (a) The distal placement of the cage (red arrow) has brought the...Figure 12.14 Mediolateral radiograph of an immediate postoperative stifle il...Figure 12.15 A mediolateral radiograph of a potentially catastrophic complic...Figure 12.16 (a) Mediolateral radiograph of a potentially catastrophic compli...Figure 12.17 (a) Mediolateral radiograph revealing a cranially displaced tibi...Figure 12.18 Mediolateral radiograph of the proximal tibia illustrating the ...Figure 12.19 A proximodistal view of the tibia. (a) The oblique tibial osteo...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Original design and rationale of the Maquet technique.Figure 13.2 (a) Radiograph of the stifle joint in an appropriate position to ...Figure 13.3 Major effect of stifle extension angle on measurement of desired...Figure 13.4 Illustration of the approximate 20° tilt of the oscillating saw ...Figure 13.5 Successive steps of the modified Maquet technique (MMT). (a) The...Figure 13.6 Illustration of an isthmus (within red ellipse) along the crania...Figure 13.7 (a) Appropriate osteotomy gap healing 8 weeks post surgery. Note...Figure 13.8 (a,b) Medio‐lateral and cranio‐caudal radiographs of a dog in whi...Figure 13.9 (a) Postoperative radiograph of a MMT; note that a fissure can be...Figure 13.10 (a) A fracture of the distal aspect of the osteotomy resulting i...Figure 13.11 Fractures of the tibial shaft following an MMT procedure. Case ...Figure 13.12 This drawing illustrates patella baja expected after applicatio...

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Examples of a custom‐made and an off‐the‐shelf stifle orthosis f...Figure 14.2 Three‐dimensional orthosis motion during a trotting gait. Data w...Figure 14.3 Computer‐simulated relative tibial translation (RTT) (a) and rel...Figure 14.4 Stifle motion (flexion and extension) with and without an orthos...Figure 14.5 Three‐dimensional stifle motion with and without an orthosis at ...Figure 14.6 Pelvic limb joint motion (flexion and extension) with and withou...Figure 14.7 Image of skin lesion caused by an orthosis. Hair loss and skin i...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Screen capture of a goniometric measurement collected using a ph...Figure 15.2 Screen capture of a video of a dog walking on a pressure‐sensiti...Figure 15.3 The evaluation of stifle joint motion using a goniometer provide...Figure 15.4 The evaluation of muscle mass is usually performed using a tape ...

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Intraoperative view of the stifle of a cat with a cranial crucia...Figure 16.2 (a) A radiograph of a normal feline stifle; arrows indicate the n...Figure 16.3 Lateral stifle radiograph from a MN 7 kg Bengal. The cat had an ...Figure 16.4 Intraarticular mineralization. (a) A small lesion is often a nor...Figure 16.5 Preoperative measurement of tibial plateau angle (TPA) before pe...Figure 16.6 A medial meniscal bucket handle tear in a cat with the torn port...Figure 16.7 (a,b) A 6‐year‐old British Blue cat presented with left cranial c...Figure 16.8 A combined technique of cranial closing wedge osteotomy and extr...Figure 16.9 Different 2.0 mm plates which have been used for TPLO procedure....Figure 16.10 (a) An osteotomy performed for the modified Maquet procedure too...Figure 16.11 (a) Mediolateral and (b) craniocaudal preoperative views of a ca...Figure 16.12 Osteomyelitis after transarticular pin placement. (a) A mediola...Figure 16.13 (a) A transarticular external skeletal fixator (TESF) placed to ...Figure 16.14 Subluxation following surgery for a multiligamentous injury in ...Figure 16.15 Pin tract infection and risk of fracture of the femur in a cat ...

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Recommended positioning for stifle arthroscopy with the patient ...Figure 17.2 A final adhesive antimicrobial incise drape is applied to the su...Figure 17.3 Extravasation is the accumulation of arthroscopic fluid in the l...Figure 17.4 At the start of arthroscopy, the joint capsule is distended, enh...Figure 17.5 The scope and instrument portals can shift in position and may c...Figure 17.6 An egress cannula is the preferred method of egress due to the m...Figure 17.7 Intraoperative hemorrhage obscures the image, making diagnosis a...Figure 17.8 (a) Appropriate placement