Principles of Public Health. Thomas Dyer Tuttle

and every child not only can do much to preserve his own health but also can prove himself a prominent factor in raising the standard of public health. A campaign of education is demanded to arrest the enormous loss of life which is carrying so many to untimely graves, and the instruction given in this volume will be of inestimable value in teaching people how to avoid avoidable disease.

      The author has not attempted to deal with all the diseases that may be classed as preventable; as the work is intended for use in the public schools, only such diseases are mentioned as it seems fitting to present to school children. To teach our children a proper respect for their own health and for the community welfare is to fit them for the best citizenship.

      E. A. Pierce, M. D.

      Portland, Oregon

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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      The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation of the valuable assistance rendered in the preparation of this work by Dr. S. T. Armstrong, of New York City; Dr. H. Wheeler Bond, Commissioner of Health, St. Louis, Missouri; Dr. H. M. Bracken, Secretary and Executive Officer of the State Board of Health of Minnesota; J. S. Caldwell, Professor of Biology, George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tennessee; R. J. Condon, Superintendent of Schools, Providence, Rhode Island; Mrs. Nona B. Eddy, of the Public Schools of Helena, Montana; Dr. F. M. McMurray, of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City; Miss Jessie B. Montgomery, Supervising Critic in Training School, State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana; Dr. E. A. Pierce, Secretary and Executive Officer of the State Board of Health of Oregon.

PART I

       THE FIGHT FOR HEALTH

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CHAPTER I CONSTANT DANGER OF ILLNESS

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      Every boy and girl confidently expects to grow into a strong and healthy man or woman. How often we hear a child say, "When I am a man," or "When I am a woman;" but I have never heard a boy or a girl say, "If I live to be a man or woman." When you think of what you will do when you are grown into men or women, it never occurs to you that you may be weak and sickly and therefore not able to do the very things that you would most like to do. This suggests that sickness is not natural, else the thought that you may perhaps become sick would enter your mind. As a matter of fact, most sickness is not natural.

      The fight for life

      There is a constant struggle going on in the world. You see a fight about you every day among the animals. You see the spider catch the fly, the snake catch the frog, the bird catch the insect, and the big fish catch the minnow; and you have heard of wars where men kill one another.

      The greatest enemies that men have to fight, however, are not other men, or wild animals, but foes that kill more men, women and children every year than were ever killed in the same length of time by war. These foes are small, very small, but you must not think that because things are small they are not dangerous. We call these foes disease germs.

      

      Fig. 1. Looking at cells

       through a microscope.

      Fig. 2. Some skin cells as seen

       through a microscope.

      The nature of a germ

      The germ is a very, very small body; it is the smallest living body that we know. Later we shall learn that our bodies are made up of cells, and that these cells are extremely small—so small that it takes a very powerful microscope to see one of them. The germ is still smaller than the cells in our bodies, and it is made of a single cell. There are a great many kinds of germs in the world. Fortunately, most of them are not harmful. Some germs cause disease, but there are other germs that not only are not harmful, but are actually helpful to men. Among the helpful germs are those that enrich the ground, and these should be protected; but all germs that cause disease should be destroyed as rapidly as possible. These germs are fighting all the time against our health. They are not armed with guns and cannon, neither do they build forts from which to fight; but they get inside our bodies and attack us there.

      

      How to fight germs

      There are three principal ways by which we fight disease germs: first, by keeping our bodies so well and strong that germs cannot live in them; second, by keeping germs out of our bodies; third, by preventing germs from accumulating in the world—that is, by killing as many of them as possible.

      If it is possible to keep so well and strong that disease germs cannot live in our bodies, you will naturally infer that there are other causes of sickness besides disease germs. That is true, for there are a great many things beside germs that cause our bodies to get into such a condition that disease germs can enter and grow and make us ill. We sometimes call this a "run-down" condition. Before we begin, then, to study the germs that cause disease, we must learn how to keep our bodies strong and ready to fight these germs.

      Questions. 1. What evidence have we that sickness is not natural? 2. Name some of the fights going on in the animal world. 3. What can you say of the amount of illness caused by germs? 4. Tell what you have learned about germs. 5. Name three ways of fighting germs.

      Remember. 1. Most sickness comes from failure to observe Nature's laws. 2. We must keep up a constant fight against germs that cause sickness. 3. We fight germs by killing as many of them as we can, and by keeping our bodies so strong that if a disease germ enters it cannot grow.

CHAPTER II THE NECESSITY OF CARING FOR THE BODY

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      Fig. 3. The organs of the body.

      How the body is like an automobile

      These bodies of ours are built somewhat like automobiles. An automobile is made up of a framework, wheels, body, gasoline tank, engine, and steering-gear. The human body has much the same form of construction. We have a frame, which is made of the bones of the body. We have arms and legs, which correspond to the wheels of the automobile. We have many little pockets in our bodies in which fat is stored, and these little pockets answer to the gasoline tank of the automobile. We have an engine which, like the automobile engine, is made up of many parts; and we have a head or brain, that plays the same part as the steering-gear of the automobile.

      The automobile has a tank in which is carried the gasoline necessary to develop power for the machine. If the gasoline gives out, the engine will not run, and before the owner starts on a trip, he is always careful to see that the tank is well filled. In the same way, if we do not provide new fat for the pockets in our bodies in which the fat is stored, our supply will soon give out and our bodies will refuse to work, just as the engine of the automobile will refuse to work when the gasoline is used up.

      What cells are like

      The automobile is made of iron and wood and rubber, and each bit of iron and wood and rubber is made up of tiny particles. The body is made of bones and muscles, covered with skin, and all these are made up of very fine particles that we call cells. Every part of the body is made of these fine cells. The cells are so small that