Basic Virology. Martinez J. Hewlett

of infection by rabies virus?

      4 What features distinguish an acute from a persistent infection?

      5 Distinguish encephalitis produced by herpesvirus from that resulting from infection with an arbovirus such as La Crosse encephalitis virus.

Problems PART I

      1 This part described the various patterns of viral infection that can be observed, among them acute, persistent, and latent. What common features may exist among these three types of infection? What are the distinguishing characteristics of each of these three types of infection?

      2 The five hepatitis viruses have the same tissue tropism (the liver), and yet each is in a different virus family. One of them (hepatitis D or the delta agent) is actually a defective virus, sometimes called a subviral entity.In the table below, indicate the mode of transmission of each of these agents:AgentTransmitted byHepatitis A virusHepatitis B virusHepatitis C virusHepatitis D (delta) agentHepatitis E virusWhat functions of the liver may allow all of these agents to have a common tissue tropism, despite their differing modes of transmission?

      3 As part of a larger project, you have been given five unknown viruses to characterize. Your job is to determine, given the tools at your disposal, the host range and tissue tropism of these unknown viruses. You will be using two kinds of cells: human and mouse. In each case, you have a cell line that grows continuously in culture and is therefore representative of the organism, but not of a particular tissue (human: HeLa cells; mouse: L cells). In addition, you have cells that are derived from and still representative of specific tissues: muscle or neurons. For each virus, you have an assay system that indicates if the virus attaches to (“+”) or does not attach to (“−”) a particular type of cell. Using the data in the table below, determine, if possible, the host range and tissue tropism of each unknown virus.HumanMouseVirusHeLaMuscleNeuronLMuscleNeuron#1+−−−−−#2++−++−#3−−−+++#4−−−−−−#5+−+−−−Here is the report form you will send back with your results. Indicate with a check mark (✓) what your conclusions are for each of the unknown viruses.Virus#1#2#3#4#5Host rangeHumanMouseBothNeitherTissue tropismMuscleNeuronNo tropismCannot be determined from data

Additional Reading for Part I

Note: See Resource Center for relevant websites.

      1 Ahmed, R., Morrison, L.A., and Knipe, D.M. (1995). Persistence of viruses. In: Virology, 3e (eds. B.N. Fields and D.M. Knipe), 219–250. New York: Raven Press.

      2 Baer, G.M. and Tordo, N. (1994). Rabies virus. In: Encyclopedia of Virology (eds. R.G. Webster and A. Granoff), 1180–1185. New York: Academic Press.

      3 Barry, J.M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. New York: Viking.

      4 Baum, S.G. (2004). Acute viral meningitis and encephalitis. In: Infectious Diseases, 3e (eds. S.L. Gorbach, J.G. Bartlett and N.R. Blacklow), 1286–1291. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

      5 DeFilippis, V.R. and Villarreal, L.P. (1999). An introduction to the evolutionary ecology of viruses. In: Viral Ecology (ed. C.J. Hurst), 125–208. New York: Wiley.

      6 Diamond, J. (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton.

      7 Domingo, E., Webster, R.G., and Holland, J.J. (eds.) (1999). Origin and Evolution of Viruses. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

      8 Fan, H., Conner, R.F., and Villarreal, L.P. (1989). The Biology of AIDS. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.

      9 Fenner, F.J., Gibbs, E.P.J., Murphy, F.A. et al. (1993). Veterinary Virology, 2e, chaps. 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

      10 Haase, A.T. (1997). Methods in viral pathogenesis: tissues and organs. In: Viral Pathogenesis (ed. N. Nathanson), 465–482. Philadelphia: Lippincott‐Raven.

      11 Koff, R.S. (2004). Hepatitis C. In: Infectious Diseases (eds. S.L. Gorbach, J.G. Bartlett and N.R. Blacklow), 2072–2074. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

      12 Koff, R.S. (2004). Hepatitis E. In: Infectious Diseases (eds. S.L. Gorbach, J.G. Bartlett and N.R. Blacklow), 2074–2076. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

      13 Koff, R.S., Hepatitis, B., and hepatitis, D. (1998). Infectious Diseases (eds. S.L. Gorbach, J.G. Bartlett and N.R. Blacklow) chap. 91. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

      14 Kolata, G. (2001). Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic. New York: Touchstone.

      15 Lemon, S.M. (1998). Type A viral hepatitis. In: Infectious Diseases (eds. S.L. Gorbach, J.G. Bartlett and N.R. Blacklow) chap. 90. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

      16 McNeill, W. (1996). Patterns of disease emergence in history. In: Emerging Viruses (ed. Morse), 29–36. New York: Oxford University Press.

      17 Morse, S.S. (1996). Examining the origins of emerging viruses. In: Emerging Viruses (ed. S.S. Morse), 10–28. New York: Oxford University Press.

      18 Nathanson, N. (2001). Epidemiology. In: Virology, 4e (eds. B.N. Fields and D.M. Knipe) chap. 14. New York: Raven Press.

      19 Nathanson, N. and Tyler, K.L. (1997). Entry dissemination, shedding, and transmission of viruses. In: Viral Pathogenesis (ed. N. Nathanson) chap. 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott‐Raven.

      20 Oldstone, M.B.A. (1998). Viruses, Plagues, and History. New York: Oxford University Press.

      21 Porterfield, J.S. and Htraavik, T. (1994). Encephalitis viruses. In: Encyclopedia of Virology (eds. R.G. Webster and A. Granoff), 362–371. New York: Academic Press.

      22 Preston, R. (1994). The Hot Zone. New York: Random House.

      23 Prusiner, S.B., Telling, G., Cohen, G., and DeArmond, S. (1996). Prion diseases of humans and animals. Seminars in Virology 7: 159–174.

      24 Rotbart, H.A. (1991). Viral meningitis and the aseptic meningitis syndrome. In: Infections of the Central Nervous System (eds. W.M. Scheld, R.J. Whitley and D.T. Durack), 19. New York: Raven Press.

      25 Scheld, W.M., Armstrong, D., and Hughes, J.M. (eds.) (1998). Emerging Infections, vol. 1 and 2. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

      26 Shope, R.E. (1994). Rabies‐like viruses. In: Encyclopedia of Virology (eds. R.G. Webster and A. Granoff). New York: Academic Press.

      27 Shope, R.E. and Evans, A.S. (1996). Assessing geographic and transport factors and recognition of new viruses. In: Emerging Viruses (ed. S.S. Morse), 109–119. New York: Oxford University Press.

      28 Smith, A.L. and Barthold, S.W. (1997). Methods in viral pathogenesis: animals. In: Viral Pathogenesis (ed. N. Nathanson), 483–506. Philadelphia: Lippincott‐Raven.

      29 Villarreal, L.P. (1997). On viruses, sex, and motherhood. Journal of Virology 71: 859–865.

      30 Villarreal, L.P. (2004). Viruses and the Evolution of Life. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

      31 Woese, C.R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M.L. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87: 4576–4579.

      PART II

      Basic Properties of Viruses and Virus–Cell Interaction

       Virus Structure and ClassificationThe Features of a VirusClassification SchemesThe VirosphereThe Human Virome

       The Beginning and End of the Virus Replication CycleOutline of the Virus Replication CycleViral EntryLate Events in Viral Infection: Capsid Assembly and Virion Release

       The Innate Immune Response: Early Defense Against PathogensHost Cell-Based Defenses Against Virus ReplicationThe Adaptive Immune Response and the Lymphatic SystemControl and Dysfunction of ImmunityMeasurement of the Immune Reaction

       Strategies