The Mosquito Book. Brett Ortler

       Humanity and Malaria: Familiar Foes

       Evolution in Action: The Malaria Hypothesis

       Quinine and Sweet Wormwood Save the Day

       Efforts to Eradicate Malaria

       Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever

       West Nile Virus: New Kid on the Block

       Mosquitoes and Encephalitis

       Heartworm

       Avoiding Mosquitoes Made Easy

       Get Rid of That Standing Water!

       Location, Location, Location—and Time

       What’s a Mosquito’s Favorite Color?

       DEET: The Gold Standard

       General Tips for Using DEET

       Pyrethrum, Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids: Chrysanthemums to the Rescue

       Permethrin is for Use on Clothing, Not Skin

       General Tips for Using Permethrin on Clothing

       Using Other Types of Permethrin Insecticides

       Picaridin: Another Product Inspired by a Natural Repellent

       General Tips for Using Picaridin

       Eucalyptus Isn’t Just for Koalas: Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus, a Natural Mosquito Repellent

       General Tips for Using PMD and Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus

       IR3535: A Clunky Name, but a Popular Choice Across the Pond

       General Tips for Using IR3535

       What Doesn’t Work: Superstitions, Mosquito Traps and Other Bogus “Cures”

       Mosquito Control on the Home Front: Mosquito Dunks and Citronella

       A Mosquito Miscellany: The Weird, the True, and the Funny of Mosquito Lore

       Mosquitoes in War

       Bugs in Battle: Entomological Warfare!

       Time for Payback: The World Mosquito Killing Championship

       Annoyance, Meet Terror: The Botfly

       An Ongoing Science

       New Approaches and Treatments

       Invasive Species and Mosquitoes in a Warming World

       Getting Involved

       Identifying Aedes, Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes

       How to Identify Potential Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes

       Identifying Eggs

       Identifying Larvae

       Identifying Adults

       Table of Repellents/Insecticides

       Recommended Resources/Reading

       Bibliography

       About the Author

      Frequently Asked Questions

      Why do mosquitoes bite?

      Mosquitoes don’t actually obtain nutrition from blood. Instead, female mosquitoes use the blood to obtain the proteins needed to produce a batch of eggs. Without a “blood meal” most species can’t produce eggs.

      How many mosquitoes are there in my yard?

      This is one of the most common questions about mosquitoes, but it is also one of the hardest to answer. The reason is pretty obvious: mosquitoes are small, hard to track, and populations vary greatly by species, habitat, and light and weather conditions. This is all too easy to observe—your front yard might be miraculously mosquito-free, but mosquitoes might chase you out of your garden. Suffice it to say: we’re seriously, seriously outnumbered.

      What’s the most effective repellent?

      Not all mosquito repellents are created equal. DEET is considered the “gold standard” of repellents, so much so that all others are compared to it. A number of other effective repellents are now on the market, including Picaridin, Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (aka PMD) and IR3535. Take note, however, that not every repellent works equally well against every species of mosquito, and they vary wildly by concentration and how long they protect you from mosquitoes. What’s more, some should not be used on young children. Always read the product labels and heed the directions when choosing a product. When in doubt, consult your doctor.

      How can I fight back against mosquitoes?

      Know your enemy. If you know where mosquitoes develop (standing water!), you can give them fewer places to develop. If you know when they are most active (dawn and dusk), you can avoid them at their worst. And if you know what to wear and which repellents to use, you can help protect yourself from being bitten.

      What diseases can mosquitoes transmit?

      Quite a few of them, unfortunately. In the tropics, mosquito-borne diseases represent one of the greatest health threats, as mosquitoes transmit malaria, yellow fever, Dengue fever, and a host of other diseases. In the U.S., we’re mostly spared from the worst of these diseases, though travelers can contract them overseas, and outbreaks of some (Dengue, for instance) are not unheard of, especially in areas such as Florida and Hawaii.

      Unfortunately, a number of other mosquito-borne diseases are widespread in the U.S., including West Nile virus and a number of varieties of encephalitis. Outbreaks of these diseases generally occur in the summer (when mosquitoes are more active), and there are thousands of cases each year, leading to many hospitalizations and even some deaths.

      If I trap a mosquito’s proboscis and/or flex a muscle in the vicinity of the area where a mosquito lands, can I cause it to ingest too much blood and explode?

      Nope. When a mosquito is filled with blood, its nervous system essentially has a “shut-off valve” that tells it to stop ingesting more blood. So if you hold the mosquito there or flex the muscle, it won’t ingest more blood. However, in what must have been a satisfying experiment, researchers have successfully severed that nerve connection, which led mosquitoes to ingest several times their capacity and eventually explode.

      Can mosquitoes transmit HIV?

      Thankfully, no. The HIV virus cannot survive¹ in a mosquito; plus, they only ingest a very small amount of the virus.

      Introduction

      Mosquitoes may be the most loathed creatures in the insect world—and for good reason. They can easily make a barbecue miserable or ruin a summertime stroll. Worse yet, they transmit diseases that kill millions of people each year and cost the world economy billions of dollars.

      Nonetheless, they are also a resilient, wildly diverse group of creatures, and if you take a closer look, mosquitoes are really fascinating creatures. Oh, what am