Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry. Группа авторов

and stable tissue.

      10 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Alpaca: Apicoectomy Pre‐op photograph.Figure 6.2 Alpaca: Prepared for surgical endodontics.Figure 6.3 Alpaca: Pre‐op radiograph – notice necrotic (→) vs. vital root ca...Figure 6.4 Alpaca: Surgical endodontic preparation.Figure 6.5 Alpaca: Preparation Measurement.Figures 6.6 and 6.7 SUPEREBA root canal cement. The alumina provides increas...Figure 6.8 Alpaca: Placement of SUPEREBA cement.Figure 6.9 Alpaca: radiograph of finished apicoectomy.

      11 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Lumpy jaw in a wallaby.Figure 7.2 Camel mandible “lumpy jaw” pathology.Figure 7.3 Buccotomy exposure.Figure 7.4 Extraction of involved dentition.

      12 Chapter 8AFigure 8A.1 Hippopotamus in a cement pool.Figure 8A.2 Hippopotamus: Example of extensive incisal occlusal abrasions to...Figure 8A.3 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Local anesthesia (epinephrine‐free...Figure 8A.4 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Sharp pulp dissection.Figure 8A.5 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Post pulp dissection.Figure 8A.6 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: MTA/Portland cement placement.Figure 8A.7 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Placement of chemically cured comp...Figure 8A.8 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Postop of final restorations.

      13 Chapter 8BFigure 8B.1 A 3D reconstructed computed tomography (CT) image of the mandibl...Figure 8B.2 The pulp of the elephant tusk has a conical shape with the wides...Figure 8B.3 An obvious complicated crown (tusk) fracture of the left tusk in...Figure 8B.4 The fracture of this adult African elephant bull’s left tusk is ...Figure 8B.5 Use of a good headlamp is indispensable while working on elephan...Figure 8B.6 The author (Right) together with Prof. Adrian Tordiffe. All the ...Figure 8B.7 When an elephant is anesthetized for a dental procedure, the ane...Figure 8B.8 Elephant anesthesia can be extremely taxing and the position thi...Figure 8B.9 Since elephants are very heavy, it is always advisable to have h...Figure 8B.10 A student who was attacked by an African elephant bull after re...Figure 8B.11 A reciprocal saw is a powerful instrument used to amputate a tu...Figure 8B.12 On cut or fractured surfaces, the tusks may have a sharp edge t...Figure 8B.13 A variety of elevators, varying in length and width is needed f...Figure 8B.14 Tile cutting disks on a Dremel tool work very well to section p...Figure 8B.15 An 80 cm long straight 5 mm stainless steel rod on a T piece ac...Figure 8B.16 Two different types of plyers that can be used to remove molar ...Figure 8B.17 Elephant partial pulpectomy: Once the pulp chamber has had suff...Figure 8B.18 Elephant partial pulpectomy: In tusks where I have to amputate ...Figure 8B.19 Elephant partial pulpectomy: The aim of a partial pulpectomy is...Figure 8B.20 An extracted persistent (non‐exfoliated) mandibular molar tooth...Figure 8B.21 The tusk of an adult African elephant bull is being hollowed ou...Figure 8B.22 After removal of the entire tusk, all the fragments are pieced ...Figure 8B.23 Inspecting the empty alveolus can be a difficult and tedious pr...Figure 8B.24 A small fragment of tusk that remained after an extraction is r...

      14 Chapter 9AFigure 9A.1 Canal apical foremen, in primates, is approximately 1 mm short o...Figure 9A.2 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Maxillary incisors are more readily acce...Figure 9A.2a 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Mandibular incisors are also more readi...Figure 9A.3 Typical primate apical pathology. Notice that the apical canal i...Figure 9A.4 Access to maxillary primate premolars. First PM has two roots. B...Figure 9A.5 Access to primate maxillary molars and three roots.Figure 9A.6 Figure 9A.3a. 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Maxillary caudal teeth are...Figure 9A.6a Figure 9A.3a. 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Maxillary molars are acce...Figure 9A.7 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Mandibular caudal teeth are best accesse...Figure 9A.7a 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Mandibular second molars are also more ...Figure 9A.8 Postoperative radiograph of root canal therapy on a lower right ...

      15 Chapter 9BFigure 9B.1 Cl 1 Lesion (Primate). Class 1 preparations are caries of occlus...Figure 9B.2 Class 2 lesion (Primate). Class 2 cavity preparations are poster...Figure 9B.3 Note: The use of a #330 pear shape bur creates a rounded corner ...Figure 9B.4 Cl 2 preparation (Primate).Figure 9B.5 Class 2 finished preparation with pin retention, shoeing, (reduc...Figure 9B.6 Class 3 lesion (Primate). Class 3 preparations are for interprox...Figure 9B.7 Class 3 preparation with Mylar strip and wedge placement. The re...Figure 9B.8 Class 4 lesion. Class 4 preparations are a continuation of Class...Figure 9B.9a Class 5 Lesion (Shallow). Class 5 preparations are for buccal (...Figure 9B.9b Glass ionomer restoration of the Tiger Class V lesion in Figure...

      16 Chapter 10AFigure 10A.1.1 Ibis: Alginate impression being made.Figure 10A.1.2 Ibis: Stone model made from alginate impression.Figure 10A.1.3 Ibis: Acrylic prosthesis construction.Figure 10A.1.4 Ibis: Two #0.030 Markley wires were threaded into caudal lowe...Figure 10A.1.5 Ibis: Insertion of prosthesis onto a Markley wire and secured...Figure 10A.1.6 Ibis: Completed lower beak restoration.Figure 10A.2.1 Goose: Lost upper beak segment.Figure 10A.2.2 Goose: Retention 1 × 4 mm self‐tapping posts are placed into ...Figure 10A.2.3 Goose: Carding red wax matrix in place to establish occlusal ...Figure 10A.2.4 Goose: Composite placed and being shaped.Figure 10A.2.5 Goose: Occlusal check.Figure 10A.2.6 Goose: Postoperative.

      17 Chapter 10BFigure 10B.1 Compound TMS pins with elastic chain ligatures; bit plane const...Figure 10B.1.1 Toucan: malocclusion.Figure 10B.1.2 Toucan: TMS Restorative Pins: Drill size 0.20 mm. Self‐thread...Figure 10B.1.3 Dental composite bite plane fabrication.Figure 10B.1.4 Corrected occlusion prior to bite plane removal.Figure 10B.2.1 Great Horned Owl with cross beak.Figure 10B.2.2 1 × 4 mm self‐tapping post for the Great Horned Owl.Figure 10B.2.3 Great Horned Owl. Posts and ligatures in place from bone to b...Figure 10B.3.1 Hornbill: Damaged upper beak.Figure 10B.3.2 Hornbill: Removing necrotic beak section.Figure 10B.3.3 Hornbill: Application of TMS pins.Figure 10B.3.4 Hornbill: TMS pins in place.Figure 10B.3.5 Hornbill: Ligature wire placement across the dorsal void.Figure 10B.3.6 Hornbill: Application of composite hybrid to cover the wire t...Figure 10B.3.7 Hornbill: Completed application of composite, before finishin...Figure 10B.3.8 Hornbill: Prosthetic beak finished and shaped with diamond bu...Figure 10B.3.9 Hornbill: Dye‐stained finish.

      18 Chapter 10CFigure 10C.1 Turtle with lost mandibular beak segment.Figure 10C.2 Turtle: Lost beak segment.Figure 10C.3 Turtle: Preparation of lower beak for acrylic prosthesis, with ...Figure 10C.4 Insertion of prosthetic beak segment with Markley wire.Figure 10C.5 Turtle: Acrylic and cyanoacrylate placement.

      19 Chapter 10DFigure 10D.1 Anatomical division of the rhamphoteca in the bird.Figure 10D.2 Image obtained by thermography demonstrating the body thermoreg...Figure 10D.3 Macroscopic (A) and microscopic (B) appearance of the trabecula...Figure 10D.4 Radiograph of skull in a chicken showing poor congenital format...Figure 10D.5 CT scan evaluation of a blue and gold macaw skull (Ara araruana...Figure 10D.6 Overgrowth in the blue macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Corr...Figure 10D.7 Scissor beak in Golden Conure (Guaruba guarouba), where the occ...Figure 10D.8 Scheme demonstrating the use of orthopedic pin inside the front...Figure 10D.9 Use of orthopedic screws for fixation of orthodontic elastic fo...Figure 10D.10 Scheme demonstrating the use of the inclined plane technique....Figure 10D.11 Use of inclined plane with acrylic resin for correction of bea...Figure 10D.12 Use of orthodontic buttons for elastic fixation and correction...Figure 10D.13 Fracture of the rhinotheca in cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), ...Figure 10D.14 Fracture on the lateral side of the gnathotheca on the blue an...Figure 10D.15 Mandibular symphyseal diastasis in a cockatiel (Nymphicus holl...Figure 10D.16 Surgical correction of symphysis dislocation in a cockatiel (N...Figure 10D.17 Traumatic avulsion of upper and lower beak in green beak touca...Figure 10D.18 Fixation of orthopedic mini‐plates (system 1.5) for fracture c...Figure 10D.19 Rostral fracture of rhinotheca on toco toucan (Ramphastos toco...Figure 10D.20 Taking an impression of a beak fracture in a goose using silic...Figure 10D.21 Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco), before and after the insertion ...Figure 10D.22 Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara araruana) after the insertion of a he...Figure 10D.23 Rhinoteca metal prosthesis in goose.Figure 10D.24 Use of intra‐dentin pins and orthopedic plaques for the prepar...Figure 10D.25 An example of a 3D scanner and the reference points needed for...Figure 10D.26 Formation of the 3D surface of toucan beak using MeshLab softw...Figure 10D.27 Use of Blender™ software for digital preparation of prosthesis...Figure 10D.28 Virtual model of toucan rhinotheca prosthesis. Identification ...Figure 10D.29 Example of use of 3D‐printed titanium prosthesis in blue and g...Figure 10D.30 Fixation of bipartite prosthesis in green beak toucan (Ramphas...

      20 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Bilateral complicated mandibular canine fracture.Figure 11.2 Dolphin pan bone.Figure 11.3 Radiograph of Dolphin pan bone.Figure 11.4 Palatal inflammation, secondary