Complications in Equine Surgery. Группа авторов

Treatment

      In cases where non‐union fracture or graft rejection result in prolonged fracture healing, further surgical intervention may be indicated, depending upon the fracture configuration and intended use of the patient.

       Expected outcome

Suboptimal or failure of osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteogenesis processes induced by the graft will lead to instability and prolonged fracture healing. Graft rejection resulting in nonunion, fatigue fracture and implant failure has been reported [6].The consequences will depend upon the location and condition that was being treated; unstable long bone fractures will have a poor prognosis associated with increased morbidity and mortality risk, while other locations may be associated with prolonged healing and site infection and/or suboptimal cosmetic outcome but survival of the patient.

References

      1 1 Auer, J.A., von Rechenberg, B., Bohner, M. et al. (2012). Auer and Stick Equine Surgery, 4e, 1081–1085. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

      2 2 Bramlage, L.R. (1981). Autologous cancellous bone grafting in the horse. Proc. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. 27: 243–247.

      3 3 Harriss, F.K., Galuppo, L.D., Decock, H.E.V. et al. (2004). Evaluation of a technique for collection of cancellous bone graft from the proximal humerus in horses. Vet. Surg. 33: 293.

      4 4 Millis, D. and Martinez, S.A. (2003). Bone grafts. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3e (ed. D.H. Slatter), 1875. Philadelphia: Saunders.

      5 5 Marino, J.T. and Ziran, B.H. (2010). Use of solid and cancellous autologous bone graft for fractures and nonunions. Ortho. Clin. N. Am. 41: 15–26.

      6 6 Burchardt, H. (1983). The biology of bone graft repair. Clin. Orthop. 174: 28–42.

      7 7 Heppenstall, R.B. (1983). Bone grafting. In: Surgery of the Musculoskeletal System (ed. C. McCollister‐Evarts), 189. New York: Churchill‐Livingston.

      8 8 Burchardt, H. (1989). Biology of cortical bone graft incorporation. In: Bone Transplantation (ed. M. Aebi and P. Regazzoni), 23. Berlin, Springer‐Verlag.

      9 9 Urist, M.R. (1989). Introduction to update on allograft surgery. In: Bone Transplantation (ed. M. Aebi and P. Regazzoni), 1. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag.

      10 10 Bassett, C.A.L. (1972). Clinical implications of cell function in bone grafting. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 87: 49.

      11 11 Gray, J.C. and Elves, M.W. (1979). Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: a quantitative study of the contributions of different graft cells. Calcif. Tissue Int. 29: 225–237.

      12 12 Boero, M.J., Schneider, J.E., Mosier, J.E. et al. (1989). Evaluation of the tibia as a source of autogenous cancellous bone in the horse. Vet. Surg. 18: 323.

      13 13 Fackelman, G.E. and Auer, J.A. (2000). Bone graft biology and autogenous grafting. In: Principles of Equine Osteosynthesis, 1e (ed. G.E. Fackelman, J.A. Auer, D.M. Nunamaker, et al.), 323–331. Switzerland, AO Publishing.

      14 14 Auer, J.A. (1999). Bone grafting. In: Equine Medicine and Surgery, 5e (ed. P. Colahan, I.G. Mayhew, A.L. Merritt, et al.), 1397. St. Louis, Mosby.

      15 15 McDuffee, L.A. and Anderson. G.I. (2003). In vitro comparison of equine cancellous bone graft donor sites and tibial periosteum as sources of viable osteoprogenitors. Vet. Surg. 32: 455.

      16 16 Richardson, G.L., Pool, R.R., Pascoe, J.R. et al. (1986). Autogenous cancellous bone grafts from the sternum in horses: comparison with other donor sites and results of use in orthopedic surgery. Vet. Surg. 15: 9.

      17 17 Stashak, T.S. and Adams, O.R. (1975). Collection of bone grafts from the tuber coxae of the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 167: 397.

      18 18 Auer, J.A. (1991). Bone grafting. In: Equine Medicine and Surgery, 4e (ed. P. Colahan, I.G. Mayhew, A.L. Merritt, et al.), 1243–1246. Santa Barbara, CA: American Veterinary Publications.

      19 19 Turner, A.S. (1982). Bone grafting. In: Equine Medicine and Surgery, 3E (ed. R.A. Mansmann, E.S. McAllister, and P.W. Pratt), 1020–1022. Santa Barbara, CA: American Veterinary Publications.

      20 20 Bauer, T.W. and Muschler, G.F. (2000). Bone graft materials. Clin. Orthop. 371: 10–27.

      21 21 Desevaux, C., Laverty, S., and Doize, B. (2000). Sternal bone biopsy in standing horses. Vet. Surg. 29 303–308.

      22 22 Radcliffe, R.M. (2004). Thoracic Trauma. In: Equine Emergencies: Procedures and Treatments, 4e (ed. J.A. Orsini and T.J. Divers), 728–734. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

      23 23 Brinker, W.O., Piermatti, D.L., and Flo Gretchen, L. (1983). Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedic Fracture Treatment, 1e, 1–38. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

      24 24 Ducharme, N.G. and Nixon, A.J. (1996). Delayed union, nonunion, and malunion. In: Equine Fracture Repair (ed. A.J. Nixon), 354–358. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

      25 25 Misheff, M.M., Stover, S.M., and Pool, R.R. (1992). Corticocancellous bone biopsy from the 12th rib of standing horses. Vet. Surg. 21: 133–138.

      26 26 Kirker‐Head, C.A. (1995). Recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins: novel substances for enhancing bone healing. Vet. Surg. 24: 408–419.

      27 27 Nunamaker, D.M. (1996). Orthopedic implant failure. In: Equine Fracture Repair (ed. A.J. Nixon), 350–353. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

      28 28 Gray, J.C. and Elves, M.W. (1979). Early osteogenesis in compact bone isografts: A quantitative study of the contributions of different graft cells. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 29: 225–237.

      29 29 Stevenson, S. (1999). Biology of bone grafts. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 30: 543–552.

      30 30 Hulse, D.A. (1980). Pathophysiology of autogenous cancellous bone grafts. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 2(2): 136–142.

      31 31 Damien, C.J. and Parson, J.R. (1991). Bone graft and bone graft substitutes: a review of current technology and applications. J. App. Biomat. 2: 187–208.

      32 32 Mellonig, J.T., Bowers, G.M., and Cotton, W.R. (1981). Comparison of bone graft materials. Part II New bone formation with autografts and allografts: a histological evaluation. J. Periodontol. 52: 297–302.

      33 33 Oklund, S.A., Prolo, D.J., Gutierrez, R.V. et al. (1986). Quantitative comparisons of healing in cranial fresh autografts, frozen autografts and processed autografts, and allografts in canine skull defects. Clin. Orthop. 205: 269–291.

      34 34 Buck, B.E. and Malinin, T.I. (1989). Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus. An estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin. Orthop. 240: 129–136.

      35 35 Lane, J.M. and Sandhu, H.S. (1987). Current approaches to experimental bone grafting. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 18 (2): 213–225.

      36 36 Henry, M. (1992). Diagnostic approach to anemia. In: Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, 3e (ed. N. Robinson), 487–497. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

      37 37 Kasashima, Y., Ueno, T., Tomita, A. et al. (2011). Optimisation of bone marrow aspiration from the equine sternum for the safe recovery of mesenchymal stem cells. Equine Vet. J. 43 (3): 288–294.

      38 38 Russell, K.E., Sellon, D.C., and Grindem, C.B. (1991). Bone marrow in horses: indications, sample handling and complications. Comp. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet. 16: 1359–1365.

      39 39 Savage, C.J., Jeffcott, L.B., Melsen, F. et al. (1991) Bone biopsy in the horse: Method using the wing of ilium. J. Vet. Med. Assoc. 38: 776–783.

11 Complications of Cryosurgery

       Ann Martens DVM, PhD, DECVS

       Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium

Overview

      The goal of cryosurgery is to