English Economic History: Select Documents. Various

or molestation against them thereon on pain of forfeiture of 10l. to us. Wherefore we will, etc. that the aforesaid burgesses and their heirs have and hold all these things aforesaid in inheritance of us and our heirs well and in peace, freely, quietly and honourably, as is above written. We will also and grant that the same our burgesses of Gloucester elect by the common counsel of the borough two of the more lawful and discreet burgesses of Gloucester and present them to our chief justice at Westminster, which two or one of them shall well and faithfully keep the provostship of the borough and shall not be removed so long as they be of good behaviour in their bailiwick, save by the common counsel of the borough. We will also that in the same borough of Gloucester by the common counsel of the burgesses be elected four of the more lawful and discreet men of the borough to keep the pleas of the crown and other things which pertain to us and our crown in the same borough, and to see that the provosts of that borough justly and lawfully treat as well poor as rich, as the charter[164] of the lord King John, our father, which they have thereon, reasonably testifies. We have granted also to the same burgesses of Gloucester that none of our sheriffs intermeddle with them in aught touching any plea or plaint or occasion or any other thing pertaining to the aforesaid borough, saving to us and our heirs for ever pleas of our crown, which ought to be attached by the same our burgesses until the coming of our justices, as is aforesaid. We have granted also to the same that if any bondman of any man stay in the aforesaid borough and maintain himself therein and be in the merchants' gild and hanse and lot and scot with the same our burgesses for a year and a day without claim, thenceforth he shall not be reclaimed by his lord, but shall abide freely in the same borough. These witnesses:—W. Archbishop of York, W. Bishop of Carlisle, H. de Burgo, etc., W. Earl Warenne, Osbert Giffard, Ralph son of Nicholas, Richard de Argentem, our stewards, Henry de Capella, John de Bassingeburn and others. Dated by the hand [of the venerable father Ralph bishop of Chichester, our Chancellor], at Westminster on the sixth day of April in the eleventh year, etc.

[158] Plead or bring evidence.

[159] A toll on the load exacted at fairs and markets, and on the lading of a ship.

[160] Bridge toll.

[161] Tolls for the erection of stalls or booths.

[162] A compulsory annual customary gift.

[163] Compulsory purchase of ale.

[164] Charter Roll, 1 John, m. 2.

      4. Dispute Touching the Payment of Toll in a Borough [Bracton's Note-Book, II, 121, No. 145], 1222.

The bailiffs of the city of Lincoln were summoned to answer the burgesses of Beverley wherefore they permit them not to have their liberties which they have by a charter of the lord King John, which liberties they have used hitherto, etc.; whereon the burgesses say that while they came through the middle of the town of Lincoln on their way to the fair of St. Ives, the bailiffs took their pledges and their cloths contrary to their liberty, and that they are injured and suffer damage to the value of 60 marks, and thereof they produce their suit etc. and proffer their charter,[165] which testifies that the King gave to God and St. John and the men of Beverley that they should be free and quit of toll, pontage, passage, pesage, lastage, stallage and wreck and all other such customs, which pertain to the lord the King himself, throughout all the king's land, saving the liberties of London, etc.; wherefore they say that by that charter they always had quittance of the aforesaid customs until the last fair of St. Ives.

And the mayor of Lincoln and Robert son of Eudo, bailiffs of Lincoln, come and deny force and tort, but acknowledge indeed that they took toll from the complainants within their town, and this they could well do, because they have charters of King Henry, grandfather of the lord the King, and of King Richard, by which those kings granted to them all the liberties and free customs which they had of the ancestors of those kings, to wit, King Edward and King William and King Henry the grandfather, throughout the whole land of England, and all the liberties which the citizens of London have, saving to the same citizens of London their liberties; and thereof they put forward their charters[166] which witness the same; wherefore they say that by those charters they have always had the liberty of taking toll in their town and always hitherto were in seisin of that liberty, and they crave judgment if by the charter of the lord King John they ought to lose their liberty granted to them by his ancestors.

And the burgesses of Beverley say that after the charter of the lord King John they never gave toll, nay rather, they were always quit thereof by that charter, and this they offer to prove, etc. or to make defence that they never gave toll; and being asked if before that charter they gave toll, they say, Yes, and crave judgment hereon and offer to the lord the King two palfreys for an inquisition if after the charter of King John they were always quit of the aforesaid toll, and they are received, and so a jury was made by eight lawful citizens of Lincoln and further by eight lawful men of the vicinage of Lincoln, and let it come on such a day to recognise if those burgesses, when they brought wares through the town of Lincoln, were quit of toll in that town from the first year of the coronation of King John.[167]

      [165] 1 John (1200). Rot. Cart. p. 53.

      [166] 1 John (1200). Rot. Cart., pp. 5, 56.

      [167] See note to No. 8.

      5. Dispute With a Lord Touching a Gild Merchant [Curia Regis Rolls, Mich. 8 Henry III, m. 6], 1223–4.

Buckingham.—Alan Basset was summoned to answer the burgesses of Wycombe wherefore he permits them not to have their gild merchant with its appurtenances, as they were wont to have it in the time of the lord King John, when he had that manor in his hand; whereof the burgesses say that in the time when the lord King John had that manor in his hand, and when the lord the King gave it to the same Alan, they had a gild merchant and a liberty which the same Alan has taken away from them, wherefore they are much injured, for by that gild merchant they had this liberty, that no merchant within their town could sell cloths at retail, neither linens nor woollens, unless he were in the gild merchant or by licence of the bailiffs of the burgesses who were in the gild merchant, and furthermore in the same manner could not sell fells or wood or broom[168] or such merchandise, unless he were in the gild or by licence, as aforesaid; and the same Alan contravened this liberty and granted to all merchants and others that they might sell cloths at retail and fells and such wares as they please, and takes 3d. toll; and they used to give for the farm of the lord the King half a mark yearly to have that liberty; and because he has taken away that liberty from them, they are injured and suffer damage to the value of 40 marks, and thereof they produce suit, and if this suffices not, they offer to prove that they had such seisin by the evidence of witnesses (per vivam vocem), if they ought, or by the body of a man,[169] or by the country,[170] and they offer 20 marks to have an inquisition thereon.

      And Alan comes and defends force and tort and says that he has taken no liberties