Quaint and Historic Forts of North America. John Martin Hammond

222 Glimpses of Newport’s Historic Defences: Parade, Old Fort Adams 225 Present-day Aspect of Fort Greene 225 Panorama of Newport Harbor, R. I., Showing Fort Adams at Left Middle Distance 230 Goat Island in Central Distance. Fort Dumplings, Conanicut Island, a Revolutionary Relic Near Newport 231 From the Ramparts of Fort Monroe, Looking Toward Hampton Roads 232 Taken During the Jamestown Celebration by the United States War Department and Reproduced by Special Permission. Garden View of One of Monroe’s Ante-bellum Residences 234 Fire!!! 236 Showing Shells Just Leaving Mortars, Fort Monroe, Va. This Remarkable Photograph Was Taken with Modern High Speed Apparatus by the Corps of Enlisted Specialists Stationed at This Post. (By courtesy of the War Department) Casemates of Fort Monroe, as They Were During the Civil War 239 Fort Sumter, a Pile of Stone on a Sandy Shoal 242 The Deserted Casemates of Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Ga. 253 Scenes of Desolation at Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Ga.: Parade and Ramparts 256 The Battered Eastern Salient 256 Old Stone Tower at Fort Snelling, near St. Paul, Minn. 268 Ruins of the Alamo in 1845 280 From a Sketch Upon Map of the Country in the Vicinity of San Antonio de Bexar Made by J. Edmund Blake, 1st Lieutenant Topographical Engineers, U. S. A. (By courtesy of the War Department) Fort Keogh, near Miles City, Montana 289 Fort Yuma, California 296 (By courtesy of the War Department) Scenes at Valley Forge, Pa.: National Memorial Arch 300 Washington’s Headquarters 300 Two Views To-day of the “Crater,” Petersburg, Va.: The Slaughter Hollow 302 The Entrance to the Tunnel 302

      QUAINT AND HISTORIC FORTS

       OF NORTH AMERICA

STRONGHOLDS OF THE PAST

       Table of Contents

      The tourist on the coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia—for in summer hundreds of people seek out this pleasant land for its cheerful climate—may come upon a little bay on the easternmost verge of the land where is a deep land-locked inlet protected from elemental fury by a long rocky arm thrust out from the shore into the sea. He will not be able to surmise from the present aspect of his surroundings that this was the site of mighty Louisburg, the greatest artificial stronghold (Quebec being largely a work of nature) that the French ever had in the New World. Of this massive and menacing fortress, which cost thirty million livres and twenty-five years of toil to build after the designs of the great Vauban, hardly one stone lies placed upon another and grass and rubble have taken the place of the heavy walls. Standing on the ground where New France’s greatest leaders stood it is difficult to-day to picture the martial pomp which once must have claimed this spot, to visualize, more particularly, the setting for the farcical onslaught of the zealous New Englanders of 1744, under the doughty Pepperell, in their greatest single military exploit.

The Treaty of Utrecht, which provided a basis of agreement for France and England in the New World for almost half a century, did not establish boundaries between the two countries and the contest to determine the question was unceasing, though not officially recognized. France busied herself in building fortifications and was ready frequently to formally draw the sword; yet it needed the outbreak of the War of The Austrian Succession in 1744, in far distant Europe, to precipitate the American quarrel.

      The news of the beginning of this conflict came to Duquesnel, commandant of Louisburg, before it reached the English colonies, however, and it seemed to him an essentially proper thing to do to strike against the English. He accordingly sent out an expedition against the English fishing village of Canseau, at the southern end of the Strait of Canseau, which separates Cape Breton Island from the peninsula of Acadia. With a wooden redoubt defended by eighty Englishmen anticipating no danger, Canseau offered no great resistance and was easily taken, its inhabitants sent to Boston, and its houses burned to the ground. The next blow was an unsuccessful expedition against Annapolis Royal. By these two valueless strokes Duquesnel warned New England that New France was on the aggressive.

      To sea from the ruined walls [top]

       All that remains standing

       MIGHTY LOUISBURG TO-DAY, CAPE BRETON, NOVA SCOTIA

      Enraged by the attacks upon Canseau and Annapolis and with the easy self-confidence which is a heritage of the children of the hardy north Atlantic coast, the people of Massachusetts were prepared for the suggestion of William Vaughan, of Damariscotta, that with their untrained militia they should attack New France’s mightiest stronghold. Vaughan found a willing listener in the governor, William Shirley, who helped the enterprise on its way.

      The originator of this astounding project was born at Portsmouth, in 1703, and was a graduate of Harvard College nineteen years thereafter. His father had been lieutenant-governor of New Hampshire. Soon after leaving college Vaughan had betrayed