Lessons in Environmental Justice. Группа авторов

What is your response to this? What are some other ways that technology could be used creatively for EJ?

      I thank Samantha Lewis for her assistance with bibliographical research on environmental justice. Any quotes are from my own interviews unless otherwise attributed. I dedicate this to all who make EJ possible.

      References

      Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2002). Toxicological profile for creosote. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp85-c1-b.pdf

      Agyeman, J., Schlosberg, D., Craven, L., & Matthews, C. (2016). Trends and directions in environmental justice: From inequity to everyday life, community, and just sustainabilities. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, 321–40.

      Alkon, A. H., & Agyeman, J. (2014). Cultivating food justice: Race, class, and sustainability. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

      Brown, P. (1992). Popular epidemiology and toxic waste contamination: Lay and professional ways of knowing. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 267–281.

      Čapek, S. (1992). Environmental justice, regulation, and the local community. International Journal of Health Services, 22(4), 729–746.

      Čapek, S. (1993). The environmental justice frame: A conceptual discussion and an application. Social Problems, 40(1), 5–24.

      Čapek, S. (1999). Erasing community: Institutional failures and the demise of Carver Terrace. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, 7, 139–162.

       Checker, M. (2011). Wiped out by the “greenwave”: Environmental gentrification and the paradoxical politics of urban sustainability. City and Society, 23(2), 210–229.

      Edelstein, M. (2018). Contaminated communities: Coping with residential toxic exposure. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

      Gould, K. A., & Lewis, T. L. (2017). Green gentrification: Urban sustainability and the struggle for environmental justice. New York: Routledge.

      Greene, E. (2017). ReZpect our water. Green American, 109, 23.

      Helm, J., Nishioka, M., Brody, J., Rudel, R., & Dodson, R. (2018). Measurement of endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals in hair products used by black women. Environmental Research, 165, 448–458. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.030

      Long Soldier, L. (2017). Words for water. Orion, 36(4), 52–53.

      Mares, T., & Peña, D. (2014). Environmental and food justice: Toward local, slow, and deep food systems. In A. H. Alkon & J. Agyeman (Eds.), Cultivating food justice: Race, class, and sustainability (pp. 197–219). Cambridge: MIT Press.

      Marguerite Casey Foundation. (2015). Highlander Center—training generations of change-makers. https://caseygrants.org/who-we-are/inside-mcf/highlander-center-training-generations-of-change-makers/

      Mascarenhas, M. (2007). Where the waters divide: First Nations, tainted water and environmental justice in Canada. Local Environment, 12(6), 565–577.

      McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241.

      Michigan Department of Civil Rights. (2016, September). Michigan Civil Rights Commission to hold third public hearing on Flint water crisis Thursday. https://www.michigan.gov/mdcr/0,4613,7-138--392873--,00.html

      Mohai, P., Pellow, D., & Roberts, T. (2009). Environmental justice. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34, 405–430.

      Monet, J. (2018). What Standing Rock gave the world. Yes! 85, 26–29.

      Morris, A. D. (1986). The origins of the civil rights movement: Black communities organizing for change. New York: Free Press.

      Presley, J. (1989, March). Toxicana USA—the growing drive to clean up Texarkana—and the nation. The Texas Observer.

      Principles of Environmental Justice. (1991). Retrieved from https://www.ejnet.org/ej/principles.html

      Pulido, L., Kohl, E., & Cotton, N. (2016). State regulation and environmental justice: The need for strategy reassessment. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(2), 1–20.

      Snow, D., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197–217.

      Snow, D. A., Rochford, E. B., Jr., Worden, S. K., & Benford, R. D. (1986). Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 464–481.

      Taylor, D. E. (2000). The rise of the environmental justice paradigm: Injustice framing and the social construction of environmental discourses. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(4), 508–580.

      Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: SAGE.

      Zota, A. R., & Shamasunder, B. (2017). The environmental injustice of beauty: Framing chemical exposures from beauty products as a health disparities concern. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217(4), 418.e1–418.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.020

      3 Environmental Justice, Indigenous Peoples, and Consent

      Kyle Powys Whyte

      PHOTO 3.1

      Diego G. Diaz / Shutterstock

      Indigenous peoples are living societies who continue to exercise their own political and cultural self-determination despite facing conditions of invasion, exploitation, and colonization (Anaya, 2004; Sanders, 1977). Self-determination refers to a society’s capacity to pursue freely its own plans and future in ways that support the aspirations and needs of its members. Conditions of invasion, exploitation, and colonization are caused by groups from other societies. The groups include nations and for-profit and nonprofit organizations, such as multinational corporations, local industries, and conservationist groups. In very simple terms, invasion occurs when one society (or certain groups from it) forcefully seizes the lands and waters that another society lives on and flourishes from. The latter society is the Indigenous people. Seizure is likely aimed at several goals, including exploitation and colonization. Exploitation occurs when the invaders seek to earn economic profits at the expense of harming the Indigenous peoples. Colonization occurs when the invaders seek to create strategies to undermine the Indigenous peoples’ self-determination in preventing themselves from being exploited.

      Colonial strategies for denying the colonized society’s self-determination often involve military protection of people who seek to engage in industries such as mining that take resources from Indigenous lands. Indigenous peoples do not profit from these industries and are often harmed by environmental consequences, such as pollution. Or colonial strategies involve the invading society actually forcing the creation of conditions for its members to live permanently in the new lands. In North America, the United States and Canada, as well as the European nations that preceded them, invaded Indigenous peoples’ lands and continue to exploit and colonize Indigenous peoples today. Corporations, operating with the sanction of these countries, have profited from dirty environments at the expense of Indigenous peoples’ health, cultural integrity, and economic well-being. Economic exploitation, stealing of resources, and polluting the land are all strategies to stop people