Oceans For Dummies. Joseph Kraynak

3-3: Artist rendition of a sea scorpion (eurypterid). FIGURE 3-4: Modern Day Nautilus, which is still surprisingly similar to what th...FIGURE 3-5: An average, everyday plesiosaur. FIGURE 3-6: Fish catch in the Florida Keys 1957. FIGURE 3-7: Fish catch in the Florida Keys 1980s. FIGURE 3-8: Fish catch in the Florida Keys 2007.

      3 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: The ocean’s horizontal zones. FIGURE 4-2: The ocean’s vertical zones. FIGURE 4-3: Plankton. FIGURE 4-4: Sea turtle. FIGURE 4-5: Tuna. FIGURE 4-6: Swordfish. FIGURE 4-7: Ctenophores. FIGURE 4-8: The gulper eel; say ahh! FIGURE 4-9: Dumbo Octopus; isn’t she (or he) cute? FIGURE 4-10: The tripod fish. FIGURE 4-11: Viperfish (Chauliodus sloani) — look at those teeth!!! FIGURE 4-12: A sea cucumber. FIGURE 4-13: Tube worms.

      4 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: The innkeeper worm. FIGURE 5-2: Terminal bullethead parrotfish headed in for a bite of coral. FIGURE 5-3: A collection of large and small barnacles. FIGURE 5-4: Chiton clinging to rocks. FIGURE 5-5: An estuarine crocodile (a.k.a. saltwater crocodile). FIGURE 5-6: This small mangrove cluster off the coast of Saudi Arabia already s...FIGURE 5-7: Shafts of light stream down through the canopy of a kelp forest off...FIGURE 5-8 Weedy sea dragon off the southern coast of Australia. FIGURE 5-9: Too cute — mother and baby sea otter. FIGURE 5-10: The sargassum anglerfish. FIGURE 5-11: Manatee and calf. FIGURE 5-12: Each oval structure houses an individual coral polyp. FIGURE 5-13: Coral reefs like this one off the coast of Saudi Arabia are rich i...FIGURE 5-14: Ashlan in Antarctica in front of Mount Erebus. FIGURE 5-15: Philippe in the Arctic with a boat trapped in sea ice behind him. FIGURE 5-16: A black smoker community comprised of giant red tubeworms and hund...

      5 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: Earth’s crust rides atop the upper mantle. FIGURE 6-2: Three types of tectonic plate boundaries. FIGURE 6-3: Topographical features of the seafloor.

      6 Chapter 7FIGURE 7-1: A variety of ocean bacteria. FIGURE 7-2: The deep-sea coral, Chrysogorgia, under regular white light (left) ...FIGURE 7-3: A sample energy pyramid. FIGURE 7-4: A sample marine food chain. FIGURE 7-5: A sample marine food web. FIGURE 7-6: A close-up of the head of an arrow worm (Sagitta). FIGURE 7-7: A copepod with eggs. FIGURE 7-8: Octopus larva — isn’t it cute? You can clearly see that this is a l...

      7 Chapter 8FIGURE 8-1: Kelp attached to the seafloor by its holdfast. FIGURE 8-2: Various types of algae in a tidal pool. FIGURE 8-3: Wagon wheel diatom — a real beauty! FIGURE 8-4: Beach littered with dead fish and other sea creatures after a HAB. FIGURE 8-5: Prop roots in action. FIGURE 8-6: Seagrass. FIGURE 8-7: A salt marsh.

      8 Chapter 9FIGURE 9-1: Water and nutrients flow through a sponge. FIGURE 9-2: Yellow calcareous sponges with a diamondback tritonia nudibranch in...FIGURE 9-3: A large barrel sponge with a rock hind grouper sitting inside. FIGURE 9-4: A delicate glass sponge. FIGURE 9-5: Radial versus bilateral symmetry. FIGURE 9-6: A Portuguese man o’ war. FIGURE 9-7: A clownfish makes itself at home in a sea anemone. FIGURE 9-8: The underside of a sea star showing its tubed feet. FIGURE 9-9: Brittle stars. FIGURE 9-10: Sea urchin and sand dollar.FIGURE 9-11: A feather star perched on a sea fan and a sea lily photographed in...FIGURE 9-12: A sea cucumber. FIGURE 9-13: Christmas tree worms.

      9 Chapter 10FIGURE 10-1: The hypothetical ancestral mollusc (HAM). FIGURE 10-2: An abalone. FIGURE 10-3: A queen conch. FIGURE 10-4: A cone snail. FIGURE 10-5: A limpet grazing on algae; notice the scoured rock behind it where...FIGURE 10-6: A small gallery of nudibranchs.FIGURE 10-7: A giant clam. FIGURE 10-8: A scallop has “eyes.” FIGURE 10-9: An octopus. FIGURE 10-10: Squid hatching from clusters of eggs. FIGURE 10-11: A flamboyant cuttlefish. FIGURE 10-12: A nautilus.

      10 Chapter 11FIGURE 11-1: A female water flea carrying eggs. FIGURE 11-2: Leptostraca. FIGURE 11-3: A mantis shrimp. FIGURE 11-4: A giant isopod. FIGURE 11-5: Krill with phytoplankton clearly visibly in its stomach. FIGURE 11-6: A red night shrimp. FIGURE 11-7: An American lobster. FIGURE 11-8: A hermit crab. FIGURE 11-9: Philippe holding a coconut crab. FIGURE 11-10: A copepod. FIGURE 11-11: A horseshoe crab.

      11 Chapter 12FIGURE 12-1: A lamprey’s mouth. FIGURE 12-2: The largest fish in the sea, the whale shark, followed by a diver ...FIGURE 12-3: The bull shark — salt water, fresh water, no problem. (This photo ...FIGURE 12-4: The mako shark is known for its speed and athleticism. FIGURE 12-5: A lone great hammerhead shark. FIGURE 12-6: Schooling hammerheads. FIGURE 12-7: The great white shark. FIGURE 12-8: A group of stingrays. FIGURE 12-9: A manta ray, sometimes called a devil ray. FIGURE 12-10: A male skate. FIGURE 12-11: A long-nosed chimaera. FIGURE 12-12: Ray-finned and lobe-finned fish compared. FIGURE 12-13: A sunfish. FIGURE 12-14: A striped marlin feeding on a bait ball. FIGURE 12-15: A female anglerfish — notice its “fishing pole” appendage is angl...FIGURE 12-16: Seahorses are the cutest critters, and pygmy seahorses are the cu...FIGURE 12-17: Mr. Mom, the jawfish, incubating the fertilized eggs. FIGURE 12-18: Ashlan and a Nassau grouper. FIGURE 12-19: Gombessa, the local name for the South African coelacanth.

      12 Chapter 13FIGURE 13-1: An adult leatherback. FIGURE 13-2: A green sea turtle. FIGURE 13-3: A hawksbill. FIGURE 13-4: A loggerhead with a small fish sheltering from predators underneat...FIGURE 13-5: A Kemp’s ridley makes its way back to sea. FIGURE 13-6: A baby green sea turtle. FIGURE 13-7: Turtle with boat scars; fortunately, this one survived. FIGURE 13-8: A banded sea krait pretending to be a sea snake. FIGURE 13-9: A marine iguana sunning on rocks. FIGURE 13-10: A saltwater crocodile.

      13 Chapter 14FIGURE 14-1: Emperor penguins with chicks. FIGURE 14-2: Galápagos penguin. FIGURE 14-3: An albatross. FIGURE 14-4: Snow petrel in flight. FIGURE 14-5: Two pelicans roosting in a tree. FIGURE 14-6: Pelicans diving for their prey. FIGURE 14-7: A male great frigate bird puffing out its signature red throat. FIGURE 14-8: This blue-footed booby is doing a mating dance. FIGURE 14-9: A double-crested cormorant drying its wings. FIGURE 14-10: A red-billed tropicbird. FIGURE 14-11: A tufted puffin. FIGURE 14-12: Godwits. FIGURE 14-13: An oystercatcher. FIGURE 14-14: Two nesting ospreys. FIGURE 14-15: A heron. FIGURE 14-16: Flamingo.

      14 Chapter 15FIGURE 15-1: A humpback whale feeding with baleen visible. FIGURE 15-2: Crabeater seal baring its teeth. FIGURE 15-3: A blue whale, the largest-ever animal on Earth. FIGURE 15-4: A mother and calf humpback whale in Hawaii. (Photo taken during re...FIGURE 15-5: A proud mother gray whale “presenting” her baby. FIGURE 15-6: A sperm whale. FIGURE 15-7: A pair of common bottlenose dolphins. FIGURE 15-8: An orca. FIGURE 15-9: A pod of narwhals — the unicorns of the sea. FIGURE 15-10: A pod of belugas. FIGURE 15-11: Our friend Jamal Galves feeding a rescued orphaned baby manatee. FIGURE 15-12: Ashlan in Antarctica with Weddell seals in the background. FIGURE 15-13: The leopard seal, apex predator of Antarctica. FIGURE 15-14: Sea lions in British Columbia playfully biting Ashlan’s head duri...FIGURE 15-15: A walrus on sea ice. FIGURE 15-16: A solitary polar bear on sea ice. FIGURE 15-17: A sea otter preening its fur.

      15 Chapter 16FIGURE 16-1: Wave motion versus water motion. FIGURE 16-2: Types of breakers. FIGURE 16-3: The Earth-Moon system’s center of mass. FIGURE 16-4: The moon’s gravitation forces pull Earth toward the moon. FIGURE 16-5: Earth’s centrifugal force pulls it in the opposite direction of th...FIGURE 16-6: Fluid water flows toward the points closest to and farthest from t...FIGURE 16-7: Water bulges on the side closest to and farthest from the moon. FIGURE 16-8: Spring tide and neap tide. FIGURE 16-9: Upwelling. FIGURE 16-10: The global conveyor belt. FIGURE 16-11: Three circulation cells. FIGURE 16-12: The Coriolis effect. FIGURE 16-13: Three prevailing wind bands in each hemisphere. FIGURE 16-14: Gyres. FIGURE 16-15: Global mean sea level change from 1880 to 2020.

      16 Chapter 17FIGURE 17-1: Formation of a tropical cyclone. FIGURE 17-2: Seasonal shift of the ITCZ. FIGURE 17-3: El Niño reverses course. FIGURE 17-4: The mechanics of global warming.

      17 Chapter 18FIGURE 18-1: Diver Terry Rioux in a copper Navy Mark V dive suit circa 1970s. T...FIGURE 18-2: Philippe Jr. in a modern hard helmet “hazmat” diving suit diving i...FIGURE 18-3: A vintage double-hose regulator. FIGURE 18-4: Philippe Sr.’s crew on expedition in the arctic. Jan (center botto...FIGURE 18-5: A full-size replica of the Bathysphere at Mystic Seaport Aquarium....FIGURE 18-6: Alvin on a deep-sea dive. FIGURE 18-7: An ROV. FIGURE 18-8: SeaLab II. FIGURE 18-9: A NOAA DART buoy.

      18 Chapter 19FIGURE 19-1: Reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangroves provide a buffer against st...

      19 Chapter 21FIGURE 21-1: Antarctic sea ice. Just one example of the beauty and majesty of t...FIGURE 21-2: Ashlan and Philippe Cousteau after slogging