The Ungovernable Society. Grégoire Chamayou

with their own corpus of fundamental laws, knowing that ‘the proper forum for working out norms of corporate constitutionalism […] is the corporation itself’ (Richard Eells, The Meaning of Modern Business: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Large Corporate Enterprise (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), p. 324). Heald commented: ‘Essentially, the alternative he offered was corporate initiative in self-generated constitutional principles. This left the question of managerial legitimacy unanswered’ (Morrell Heald, The Social Responsibilities of Business: Company and Community, 1900–1960 (London: Transaction Publishers), p. 296). This merely created a new aporia: in what way would this managerial autocracy, whose ability to develop a conscience was in doubt, be any more credible when it came to making its law?

      42 42. Richard Eells and Clarence Walton, Conceptual Foundations of Business: An Outline of the Major Ideas Sustaining Business Enterprise in the Western World (Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1961), p. 381.

      43 43. The Power of the Democratic Idea. Sixth Report of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), p. 59.

      44 44. Bazelon, ‘The Scarcity Makers’, p. 297.

      45 45. Heald, The Social Responsibilities of Business, p. 307. See also Thomas C. Cochran, ‘Business and the Democratic Tradition’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 34, no. 2, March–April 1956, p. 39. Andrew Hacker resorted to the following analogy: ‘a zookeeper does not represent the seals because he responds to their need for fresh fish. A prison warden does not represent the inmates because he consults them on recreational activities. Similarly, the corporation community is not internally democratic’ (Andrew Hacker, Politics and the Corporation; An Occasional Paper on the Role of the Corporation in the Free Society (New York: Fund for the Republic, 1958), p. 11).

      46 46. Peter Drucker, The New Society: The Anatomy of the Industrial Order (New York: Harper, 1950), p. 104.

      47 47. Ibid.

      48 48. Ibid. At this point, Drucker rather strangely starts to sound like the thinkers of Negritude. On the ‘immortal principles’ of 1789, so vaunted by the French colonialists, Senghor wrote: ‘Unfortunately, these principles were not applied fully, without hypocrisy; fortunately, they were partially applied, enough for their virtues […] to bear fruit. As Jean-Paul Sartre puts it, we took up the colonialist’s weapons and turned them against him’ (Léopold Sédar Senghor, Liberté: Négritude et humanisme (Paris: Seuil, 1964), p. 399).

      49 49. Drucker, The New Society, p. 282.

      50 50. Milton Friedman, quoted in ‘Three Major Factors in Business Management: Leadership, Decisionmaking, and Social Responsibility. Summary by Walter A. Diehm’, in Social Science Reporter: Eighth Social Science Seminar (San Francisco, CA, 19 March 1958), p. 4.

      51 51. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 134.

      52 52. Friedman took up these arguments in a celebrated opinion piece (Milton Friedman, ‘A Friedman Doctrine: The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits’, New York Times, 13 September 1970, p. 17).

      53 53. Ibid.

      54 54. Geoffrey Ostergaard, ‘Approaches to Industrial Democracy’, Anarchy. A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, no. 2, April 1961, pp. 36–46 (p. 44).

      55 55. David W. Ewing, Freedom Inside the Organization: Bringing Civil Liberties to the Workplace (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), p. 3.

      56 56. ‘Cooperative Economics: An Interview with Jaroslav Vanek’, New Renaissance Magazine, http://www.ru.org/index.php/economics/357-cooperative-economics-an-interview-with-jaroslav-vanek.

      57 57. Karl Marx, Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I, Book One: The Process of Production of Capital, translated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, edited by Frederick Engels (Moscow: Progress Publishers, online edition; first English edition, 1887), p. 286, available online at https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf.

      58 58. See Robert Dahl, ‘On Removing Certain Impediments to Democracy in the United States’, Political Science Quarterly, vol. 92, no. 1, Spring 1977, pp. 1–20.

      59 59. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 296.

      60 60. Ibid., p. 301.

      61 61. Ibid., p. 298. See also Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970); Iris Marion Young, ‘Self-determination as Principle of Justice’, The Philosophical Forum, vol. 11, no. 1, Autumn 1979, pp. 30–46; Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, ‘A Political and Economic Case for Economic Democracy’, Economics and Philosophy, vol. 9, no. 1, 1993, pp. 75–100. For a synthesis of these discussions, see Nien-hê Hsieh, ‘Survey Article: Justice in Production’, Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 16, no. 1, 2008, pp. 72–100.

      62 62. Mason, ‘The Apologetics of “Managerialism”’, p. 6.

      63 63. Theodore Levitt, ‘The Dangers of Social Responsibility’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 36, no. 5, 1958, pp. 41–50 (p. 43).