Moses and Aaron: Civil and Ecclesiastical Rites, Used by the Ancient Hebrews. Goodwin Thomas Aiken

[61] Kimchi in præfat. ad Hoscham.

2. Wisemen: This title though in it self it be general and common to all Doctors, and Teachers of the Law; yet for many years before our Saviours Incarnation,[62] it was either arrogated by the Pharisees, or else by the ignorant multitude appropriated unto them, for an opinion of their extraordinary wisdom, in teaching of Traditions, which they preferred beyond the Law. Hence the Pharisees were called[63] Masters of the Traditions: And hence was that councel of R. Eleezer to his Scholars,[64] that they should forbid their children from the study of the Bible, and place them between the knees of their wisemen. Likewise[65] hence, when any of their Doctors did read Lectures, their saying was, οἱ σοφοὶ ἡμῶν δευτεροῦσι, Our wisemen do teach traditions. The like ambition we shall find among the Grecians, all of them striving to be intituled Σοφοὶ, Wisemen: and hence, whensoever the chief of them had pleased the people in performance of their Orations, or any other publick business, they were honoured with a Grand Σοφῶς, that is, with a loud acclamation of σοφῶς, σοφῶς, Well done, or wisely done; until Pythagoras, in dislike of such swelling Titles, stiled himself Philosophus, a Lover of wisdom; which kind of modesty was afterward practised by the Hebrew Doctors; for they in after times, to avoid the suspicion of arrogancy, refused the name of ‎‏חכמים‏‎ Chacamim, Wisemen,[66] and stiled themselves, ‎‏תלמידי חכמים‏‎ Discipuli sapientium, Learners of wisdom.

[62] Gorionid. lib. 4. cap. 20.

[63] Drus. de trib. sect. 86.

[64] Buxtorf. Recens. operis Talmud, p. 155.

[65] Hieronym. ad Algasiam. quæst. 10.

[66] Elias Thisbit.

3. Scribes: This name was given to two sorts of men, some meerly Laicks, others Clergy-men. The body of the Laick Scribes, were those, to whom was committed the instruction of young children in their minority, especially to teach them to write; we may English them Scriveners. This office was appropriated to the Tribe of Simeon. In this sense we read not of Scribes in the Scripture, although the ground of their first institution hath been taken thence, namely, from those words which Jacob used unto Simeon and Levi; I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel, Gen. 49. 7. So that as Levi had no portion, but lived dispersed among the other Tribes, by the benefit of the Altar.[67] In like manner Simeon had no portion in the judgement of the Hebrews, but lived scattered among the other tribes, getting their maintenance by teaching and schooling little children: Whether this office of teaching children was appropriated to them, I leave to the inquiry of others; certain I am that the Simeonites had their own inheritance by lot, Josh. 19. 1. And the prophecy concerning their being scattered is thought to have been accomplished in this, that the inheritance of the Simeonites, was taken out of the portion of the children of Judah, Josh. 19. 9. Furthermore it is certain, that if not all Scriveners, yet those publick Notaries, who were imployed in drawing Deeds, and writing Contracts (be they of what Tribe they will) they were called by the name of Scribes. Unto this there is allusion, Psal. 45. 1. My tongue is as the pen of a swift Writer, or ready Scribe. Out of the body of these I conceive certain choice men to have been elected for publick imployments; some to attend the King, as his Secretaries, termed, γραμματεῖς βασιλέως, the Kings Scribes, 2 Kin. 12. 10. Such were Sheia, 2 Sam. 20. 25. And Shaphan, 2 Kin. 22. 3. Others to attend the publick Courts and Consistories: they much resembled our Clarks of Assizes, these were termed, γραμματεῖς λαοῦ the Scribes of the people, Mat. 2. 4. It. 1. Mac. 5. 42.

[67] Solom. Jarchi. Gen. 49. Vide Ambros. Tom. 4. cap. 2. & Targum Hierosol.

The second sort of Scribes belonged to the Clergy; they were Expositors of the Law, and thence are they called γραμματεῖς τοῦ νόμου, νομικοὶ, & νομοδιδὰσκαλοι, Scribes of the Law, Esra. 7. 9. Expounders of the Law, Luk. 7. 30. and Doctors of the Law, Luk. 5. 17. Their Office was to write, read, and expound the Law of Moses to the people. The name was a name of Office, not of Sect. Of this sort was Esdras, Esra 7. 6. who though he were a Levite, yet[68] others there were of the Tribe of Judah, and, as it is thought, they might indifferently be of any Tribe. The name was of the like esteem among the Hebrews as the Magi were among the Chaldeans; the Quindecemviri among the Romans, for expounding Sybilla’s Oracles: Or the Canonists in the Church of Rome. The word ‎‏סופרים‏‎ Sopherim, translated Scribes signifieth Numberers, or Computers, and is applyed to the Masorites, because they spent their time in reckoning, and numbring, not onely the verses, but the words also, and letters of each Book throughout the Bible; which, as it is an argument of their industry,[69] so likewise of Gods providence, in the preservation of his truth inviolable. As the Wise men in their Preaching pressed Traditions; so the Scribes clave to the written word, whence they were termed[70] Text-men, or Masters of the Text. And to this purpose it is worth our observing, that whereas both the Scribes and the Pharisees sought to fasten accusations upon our Saviour, Mat. 9. The Scribes accused him of blasphemy, v. 3. The Pharisees of eating with Publicans and sinners, v. 11. The Scribes accusation was a breach of the Law; the Pharisees a breach of Traditions.

[68] Drus. de tribus sectis, l. 2. c. 12. ex Chald. Paraphast.

[69] Augustin. in Psal. 40.

[70] Drusius de trib. sectis l. 20. cap. 13.

3. The Disputer.[71] He insisted upon Allegories, and searched out mystical interpretations of the Text. Hence himself was termed Durschan, and his exposition, or Homily, Midrasch; and their School, Beth Hammidrasch: They were counted the profoundest Interpreters, whence that of the Psalmist, Psal. 84. 7. They go from strength to strength, is interpreted,[72] from their Temple to their Beth-Hammidrasch, from an inferiour to an higher School. Hereby we see the difference between those three sorts of Predicants mentioned by Saint Paul. The Wise men were