An Apology for the True Christian Divinity. Robert Barclay

Individual that needeth it to produce the necessary Effect; and from the Use of which, either by some innocent and sinless Defect, or natural, yet harmless and blameless Imperfection, many who are within the Compass of the visible Church, and may, without Absurdity, yea, with great Probability, be accounted of the Elect, are necessarily excluded, and that either wholly, or at least from the immediate Use thereof. 1. Deaf People Children, and Idiots instanced.But it so falls out frequently concerning the Scriptures, in the Case of deaf People, Children, and Idiots, who can by no Means have the Benefit of the Scriptures. Shall we then affirm, that they are without any Rule to God-ward, or that they are all damned? As such an Opinion is in itself very absurd, and inconsistent both with the Justice and Mercy of God, so I know no sound Reason can be alledged for it. Now if we may suppose any such to be under the New Covenant Dispensation, as I know none will deny but that we may suppose it without any Absurdity, we cannot suppose them without some Rule and Means of Knowledge; seeing it is expresly affirmed, They shall all be taught of God, John vi. 45. And they shall all know me from the least to the greatest, Heb. viii. 11.

      But Secondly, Though we were rid of this Difficulty, how many illiterate and yet good Men are there in the Church of God, who cannot read a Letter in their own Mother Tongue? Which Imperfection, though it be inconvenient, I cannot tell whether we may safely affirm it to be sinful. These can have no immediate Knowledge of the Rule of their Faith; so their Faith must needs depend upon the Credit of other Men’s Reading or Relating it unto them; where either the altering, adding, or omitting of a little Word may be a Foundation in the poor Hearer of a very dangerous Mistake, whereby he may either continue in some Iniquity ignorantly, or believe a Lie confidently. 2. Papists conceal the Second Commandment from the People.As for Example, The Papists in all their Catechisms, and publick Exercises of Examinations towards the People, have boldly cut away the Second Command, because it seems so expresly to strike against their Adoration and Use of Images; whereas many of these People, in whom by this Omission this false Opinion is fostered, are under a simple Impossibility, or at least a very great Difficulty, to be outwardly informed of this Abuse. But further; suppose all could read the Scriptures in their own Language; where is there one of a Thousand that hath that thorough Knowledge of the Original Languages, in which they are written, so as in that Respect immediately to receive the Benefit of them? 3. The Uncertainty of the Interpreters of the Scripture, and their Adulterating it.Must not all these here depend upon the Honesty and Faithfulness of the Interpreter? Which how uncertain it is for a Man to build his Faith upon, the many Corrections, Amendments, and various Essays, which even among Protestants have been used (whereof the latter have constantly blamed and corrected the former, as Guilty of Defects and Errors) doth sufficiently declare. And that even the last Translators in the vulgar Languages need to be corrected (as I could prove at large, were it proper in this Place) learned Men do confess.

      But last of all, there is no less Difficulty occurs even to those skilled in the Original Languages, who cannot so immediately receive the Mind of the Authors in these Writings, as that their Faith doth not at least obliquely depend upon the Honesty and Credit of the Transcribers, since the Original Copies are granted by all not to be now extant. Jerome Epist. 28. ad Lucin. p. 247.Of which Transcribers Jerome in his Time complained, saying, That they wrote not what they found, but what they understood. Epiph. in Anachor. Tom. Oper.And Epiphanius saith, That in the good and correct Copies of Luke it was written, that Christ Wept, and that Irenæus doth cite it; but that the Catholicks blotted it out, fearing lest Hereticks should have abused it. Other Fathers also declare, That whole Verses were taken out of Mark, because of the Manichees.

      The various Readings of the Hebrew Character, &c.But further, the various Readings of the Hebrew Character by Reason of the Points, which some plead for, as coæval with the first Writings, which others, with no less Probability, alledge to be a later Invention; the Disagreement of divers Citations of Christ and the Apostles with those Passages in the Old Testament they appeal to; the great Controversy among the Fathers, whereof some highly approve the Greek Septuagint, decrying and rendering very doubtful the Hebrew Copy, as in many Places vitiated, and altered by the Jews; other some, and particularly Jerome, exalting the Certainty of the Hebrew, and rejecting, yea, even deriding the History of the Septuagint, which the Primitive Church chiefly made use of; and some Fathers that lived Centuries before him, affirmed to be a most certain Thing; and the many various Readings in divers Copies of the Greek, and the great Altercations among the Fathers of the first three Centuries, who had greater Opportunity to be better informed than we can now lay claim to, concerning the Books to be admitted or rejected, as is above observed; I say, all these and much more which might be alledged, puts the Minds even of the Learned into infinite Doubts, Scruples, and inextricable Difficulties: Whence we may very safely conclude, that Jesus Christ, who promised to be always with his Children, to lead them into all Truth, to guard them against the Devices of the Enemy, and to establish their Faith upon an unmoveable Rock, left them not to be principally ruled by that, which was subject in itself to many Uncertainties: And therefore he gave them his Spirit as their principal Guide, which neither Moths nor Time can wear out, nor Transcribers nor Translators corrupt; which none are so young, none so illiterate, none in so remote a Place but they may come to be reached, and rightly informed by it.

      Through and by the Clearness which that Spirit gives us, it is that we are only best rid of those Difficulties that occur to us concerning the Scriptures. The real and undoubted Experience whereof I myself have been a Witness of, with great Admiration of the Love of God to his Children in these latter Days: Wrong Translations of Scripture discerned in the Spirit by the Unlearned in Letters.For I have known some of my Friends who profess the same Faith with me, faithful Servants of the Most High God, and full of Divine Knowledge of his Truth, as it was immediately and inwardly revealed to them by the Spirit, from a true and living Experience, who not only were ignorant of the Greek and Hebrew, but even some of them could not read their own vulgar Language, who being pressed by their Adversaries with some Citations out of the English Translation, and finding them to disagree with the Manifestation of Truth in their own Hearts, have boldly affirmed the Spirit of God never said so, and that it was certainly wrong; for they did not believe that any of the holy Prophets or Apostles had ever written so; which when I on this Account seriously examined, I really found to be Errors and Corruptions of the Translators; who (as in most Translations) do not so much give us the genuine Signification of the Words, as strain them to express that which comes nearest to that Opinion and Notion they have of Truth. And this seemed to me to suit very well with that Saying of Augustine, Epist. 19. ad Hier. Tom. ii. Fol. 14. after he has said, “That he gives only that Honour to those Books which are called Canonical, as to believe that the Authors thereof did in Writing not err,” he adds, “And if I shall meet with any Thing in these Writings that seemeth repugnant to Truth, I shall not doubt to say, that either the Volume is faulty or erroneous; that the Expounder hath not reached what was said; or that I have in no wise understood it.” So that he supposes that in the Transcription and Translation there may be Errors.

      §. V.

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      Object.If it be then asked me, Whether I think hereby to render the Scriptures altogether uncertain, or useless?

      Answ.I answer; Not at all. The Proposition itself declares how much I esteem them; and provided that to the Spirit from which they came be but granted that Place the Scriptures themselves give it, I do freely concede to the Scriptures the second Place, even whatsoever they say of themselves; which the Apostle Paul chiefly mentions in two Places, Rom. xv. 4. Whatsoever Things were written aforetime, were written for our Learning, that we through Patience and Comfort of the Scriptures might have Hope. 2 Tim. iii. 15, 16, 17. The Holy Scriptures are able to make wise unto Salvation, through Faith which is in Jesus Christ. All Scripture given by Inspiration of God, is profitable for Correction, for Instruction in Righteousness, that the Man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto every good Work.

      For though God doth principally and chiefly lead us by his Spirit,