The Age of Fitness. Jürgen Martschukat

(accessed November 13, 2018).

      23 23. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended.

      24 24. Mollow and McRuer, “Fattening Austerity”; Scholl (ed.), Körperführung.

      25 25. Mollow and McRuer, “Fattening Austerity”; Kreisky, “Fitte Wirtschaft”; Graf, “Leistungsfähig.”

      26 26. Brown, Undoing the Demos, 15–50, quote on 21, “portfolio value” on 33, homo oeconomicus and politicus on 87.

      27 27. Rose, “Molecular Biopolitics,” 11; Rose, Powers of Freedom; Rose and Novas, “Biological Citizenship”; Dean, Governing Societies.

      28 28. Rose and Novas, “Biological Citizenship,” 451.

      29 29. Pateman, Sexual Contract; Mills, Racial Contract.

      30 30. Willard, A Wheel within a Wheel.

      31 31. A change of this kind has also taken place in the cultural and social sciences, where malleability and performativity have gradually gained acceptance as paradigms, in the shape of “doing gender,” “doing race,” and “doing sex.” A crucial text here is Butler, Gender Trouble; for a multiperspectival account that provides an overall assessment, see Netzwerk Körper (ed.), What Can a Body Do?

      32 32. It seems no more than logical that critical voices in disability and fat studies have distanced themselves from constructivist views; see Mollow, “Disability Studies Gets Fat”; Mollow and McRuer, “Fattening Austerity.”

      33 33. Guthman, Weighing In, 47–63; Moran, Governing Bodies, 112–54.

      34 34. Dilley (ed.), Darwinian Evolution; Mackert, “I Want to Be a Fat Man”; Gilman, Fat Boys; Farrell, Fat Shame.

      35 35. Wildt, Beginn der Konsumgesellschaft, 73–108; Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 111–65; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 101–30; Moran, Governing Bodies, 112–31.

      36 36. Biltekoff, Eating Right, 115; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 136; Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men; Kury, Der überforderte Mensch, 109–75.

      37 37. Levenstein, Fear of Food, 124–35; Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 320.

      38 38. Biltekoff, Eating Right; Dufty, Sugar Blues; Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 320.

      39 39. Davis, From Head Shops to Whole Foods; Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma; Belasco, Appetite for Change; Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 322.

      40 40. Cowie, Great Exception, 182, 202; Simon, Hamlet Fire; Doering-Manteuffel and Raphael, Nach dem Boom.

      41 41. Guthman, Weighing In, 116–39; Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma; Simon, “Geography of Silence.”

      42 42. Allcott et al., “Geography of Poverty”; Florida, “Food Deserts”; Reynolds and Mirosa, “Want Amidst Plenty”; Coleman-Jensen, “U.S. Food Insecurity Status”; Barrett, “Measuring Food Insecurity.”

      43 43. Guthman, Weighing In, 163–84; Martschukat, “On Choice.”

      44 44. Biltekoff, Eating Right, 94–5; Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade.” The quote comes from a letter cited in Edgely et al., “Rhetoric of Aerobics,” 188.

      45 45. Davis, From Head Shops to Whole Foods, 176–223; Belasco, Appetite for Change; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 116–24; on the overlap between counterculture and flexible capitalism, see Reichhardt, Authentizität und Gemeinschaft.

      46 46. Zukin, Naked City.

      47 47. Serazio, “Ethos Groceries”; Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 123.

      48 48. Handelsblatt, December 30, 1985, quoted in Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 322.

      49 49. Elliott, Better Than Well; Biltekoff, Eating Right, 84–91, 94; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 142–59; MarketsandMarkets, “Weight Loss Management.”

      50 50. Crawford, “Boundaries of the Self,” 1356; Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, 130: “Cooking is good citizenship”; Paul Nolte, “Das große Fressen”; Biltekoff, Eating Right, 99–108; Belasco, Appetite for Change, 196–7; Moran, Governing Bodies, 132–54.

      51 51. On the concept of sport, see Eisenberg, “English Sports” und deutsche Bürger; Guttmann, From Ritual to Record; on the distinction between sport and fitness, see Graf, “Leistungsfähig,” 139–40; Bette, Sportsoziologie, 5–6. The term “fitness,” described as “Germanized” American English, first appeared in Duden in 1976, which defined it as a “good physical condition, performance capacity [based on the methodical practice of sport],” and provided the following example: “to maintain one’s fitness through recreational sport”: Duden: Das große Wörterbuch, 851. Dilger, Fitnessbewegung in Deutschland, 238–45; Müllner, “Sich in Form bringen”; Scholl, “Europäische Biopolitik?”

      52 52. See DSB ads associated with the get-fit campaign “Ein Schlauer trimmt die Ausdauer” (“The Smart Ones Get Fit through Endurance”) (1975–8) on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7n-lUy1dAs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWkjnPiXlJ0 (July 2, 2016); Pfütsch, “Zwischen Gesundheit und Schönheit.”

      53 53. Ninety percent of respondents in a representative municipal survey carried out by K. Bös and A. Woll in the 1980s were familiar with Trimmy; see Mörath, Trimm-Aktionen, 11.

      54 54. Essen und Trimmen – beides muß stimmen, Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung; in 1980, the Federal Center for Health Education published a workbook on the topic “eat well and get fit – you need both.”

      55 55. Reed, “America Shapes Up.”

      56 56. Barney, “Book Review: Whorton,” here 104; Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade.”

      57 57. New-York-City-Marathon, in Wikipedia, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York-City-Marathon (accessed July 5, 2016) and Berlin-Marathon, in Wikipedia, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Marathon (accessed July 5, 2016).

      58 58. Runner’s World was launched in 1966 as a homemade magazine published by a running fan with two issues a year and a print run of 500 copies. By the end of the 1970s, the magazine had long since attained a professional editorial staff and appeared monthly, with a print run of 500,000 copies; Black, Making the American Body, 77; McKenzie, Getting Physical, 129.

      59 59. Sheehan, “Medical Advice”; on the agency of fat, see Forth, “On Fat.”

      60 60. Martschukat, “What Diet Can Do.”

      61 61. Hanner, “Beginning Running”: “[running] has really changed my entire existence around”; Fischer, Mein langer Lauf.

      62 62. Corbitt, “Adjusting to Advancing Age.”

      63 63. On the 1970s as an era characterized by both the counterculture and neoliberalism, see Tuck, “Introduction,” and the other contributions to the journal issue. On European history in this regard, see the special issue of Zeithistorische Forschungen on “Die 1970er Jahre.”

      64 64. Luciano, Looking Good, 121.

      65 65. On this recent history of fitness in the United States, see McKenzie, Getting Physical. On the running movement, see Plymire, “Positive Addiction”; on the spirituality of this movement, see Edgely et al., “Rhetoric”; on the search for moral leadership as a driving force of the transformation of the United States since the 1970s, see Krämer, Moral Leaders; on the new morality and physicality, see Metzl and Kirkland (eds.), Against Health.

      66 66. Cooper, Aerobics. Cooper, The New Aerobics, was hugely successful.

      67 67. Bassler, “Live Like a Marathoner.” For an overview, see Rader, “The Quest.”

      68 68. On the body and