Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil Formation. Allen Hunt

Table 2.1 Summary properties of modern soil orders.Table 2.2 Paleosol orders, associated properties, and equivalents to the U.S....

      3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Cosmogenic nuclides. Brackets denote concentrations.Table 5.2 Bedrock geochemistry.Table 5.3 Saprolite and soil geochemistry measured by neutron activation anal...

      4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Empirical models for rind development as a function of time.Table 7.2 Pedogenic properties and isotopic age constraints of Costa Rican ch...

      5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Key processes and model outputs of soil evolution models for paleos...Table 8.2 Forcing (or soil forming) factors, associated soil model boundary i...Table 8.3 Mineralogical composition and texture of parent material and deposi...Table 8.4 Results of pairedt‐test on difference between MIS 13 and MIS 5e of ...

      6 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Mean values of titration alkalinity and H₄SiO₄ for McMurdo Dry Val...

      7 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Calhoun CZO total and inorganic phosphorous concentrations in soil...Table 12.2 Calhoun CZO dissolved organic carbon in soil solutions collected f...Table 12.3 Calhoun CZO stream inorganic phosphorous concentrations collected ...Table 12.4 Lake Lanier water‐quality data for 10 tributaries and 18 lake site...Table 12.5 Lake Lanier and tributary mass ratios (g/kg) between selected nutr...

      8 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Summary of mineralogy from soil pits, cores from tors, and from mo...Table 13.2 Summary of core recovery and tensile failure stress from drilling ...Table 13.3 Comparison of modern dissolved fluxes and long‐term CRN‐based tota...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The soil system.Figure 1.2 Terrestrial spheres and their interaction as envisioned by Sante ...Figure 1.3 A schema for the terrestrial spheres: their interactions and exte...Figure 1.4 Research areas straddling the pedosphere and individual component...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...Figure 2.2 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...Figure 2.3 Geologic timescale for the Mesozoic in association with relative ...Figure 2.4 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...Figure 2.5 Changes in climate, organisms, and atmospheric chemistry importan...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Plot of data compiled by Gentine et al. (2012) for ET/P as a func...Figure 3.2 Dependence of net primary productivity, NPP, on precipitation, P,...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Ecological categories of earthworms. (a) Epigeic species, Lumbric...Figure 4.2 Two different root systems. (a) Well‐branched roots of Lolium sp....Figure 4.3 Surface‐casts of anecic earthworms. (a) Different colors of struc...Figure 4.4 Burrows of anecic earthworms. (a) Burrow openings of anecic earth...Figure 4.5 Tree uprooted following a wind event two years ago. Soil (Cambiso...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Weathering intensity should increase from fresh bedrock towards t...Figure 5.2 Study site at Rocky Hill, in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand....Figure 5.3 Concentrations of Zr (left side) are relatively uniform with dept...Figure 5.4 In (a), weathering of bedrock should enrich Ti and Zr in saprolit...Figure 5.5 The fraction of tephra calculated using equation (4) (Ferrier et ...Figure 5.6 Tunable parameters in the mixing model (a) include the chemical d...Figure 5.7 Predicted Zr (purple) and Ti (orange) concentrations from best‐fi...Figure 5.8 Summary of the landscape history of Rocky Hill over the last 27 k...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Structural elements of clay minerals.Figure 6.2 Alpine investigation areas with data used. 1 = Schmadri, 2 = Glet...Figure 6.3 X‐ray diffractograms of ethylene glycol solvated clay samples fro...Figure 6.4 (a) μSi–μK diagram showing the normal water‐rock interaction path...Figure 6.5 Altitudinal sequence with soils, vegetation, climate, and element...Figure 6.6 Content of smectitic minerals as function of climate (amount of p...Figure 6.7 XRD patterns of ethylene glycol (EG)‐solvated soil clays from the...Figure 6.8 XRD‐diffractograms of the d(060) peak region separating trioctahe...Figure 6.9 Relating principles of the percolation theory with (a) soil thick...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Soil profile developed in a weathering volcanic debris deposit in...Figure 7.2 (a) and (b) Close‐up images of weathering clasts within a volcanic...Figure 7.3 Map illustrating the geographic extent of a representative sampli...Figure 7.4 (a) Rind thickness on basaltic andesite clasts as a function of bu...Figure 7.5 Weathering reactions at the clast scale occur at the core‐rind in...Figure 7.6 Cut slab of an oriented sampled clast spanning from the unweather...Figure 7.7 (a) Section of a weathering clast, the Qt2 unit of the Costa Rica ...Figure 7.8 (a) SEM backscatter image of a thin section spanning the core‐rind...Figure 7.9 Elemental mass transfer τ_Ti,Ca values for Costa Rica basalts...Figure 7.10 Representative photomicrograph across the core‐rind boundary of ...Figure 7.11 Residual values plotted as a function of distance from the visua...Figure 7.12 Plot of elemental mass transfer τ_I,j for Ca and Mg and tota...Figure 7.13 EDS SEM map of the core‐rind boundary of the clast shown in Figu...Figure 7.14 EDS image of a plagioclase phenocryst dissolving at the core‐rin...Figure 7.15 Rind formation rates and riverine solute fluxes from Guadeloupe ...Figure 7.16 Rind formation rates for andesitic and basaltic composition clas...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Counted coverage of soil‐forming processes (terminology of Bockhe...Figure 8.2 Spatial and temporal scales of model components (italic text, dot...Figure 8.3 Simulated evolution of soil properties over time (abscissa) and d...Figure 8.4 Simulated soil natural capital and Ecosystem Services over MIS 5e...Figure 8.5 Simulated climate and vegetation over MIS 5e by LOVECLIM, downsca...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Topics covered in this chapter with the range of spatial scales, ...Figure 9.2 Soil‐landslide feedback loop.Figure 9.3 Left: landslides in the basaltic rocks of the South African Drake...Figure 9.4 Left: looking vertically down at a landslide scarp in the Collazo...Figure 9.5 An example of landslide susceptibility maps for the Collazone reg...

      10 Chapter 10aFigure 10A.1 Mechanical processes in soils. Consequences of stress strain an...Figure 10A.2 Interaction of stress strain and pore water pressure changes (t...Figure 10A.3 Stress distribution in soils as a function of increasing contac...Figure 10A.4 (a) Effect of shear deformation due to wheeling (rubber belt) o...Figure 10A.5 Analyses of site‐specific soil strength and stress‐induced chan...Figure 10A.6 Consequences of mechanical stress application on changes of eco...Figure 10A.7 Root growth and depth in soils: effects on availability and acc...Figure 10A.8 Effect of shear deformation on pore space dynamics and water fl...Figure 10A.9 Stress and strain effects on hydraulic propertiesFigure 10A.10 Coupled mechanical and hydraulic properties and processesFigure 10A.11 Redox potential values as function of applied mechanical stres...Figure 10A.12 Multidisciplinary effects of soil deformation on soil properti...

      11 Chapter 10bFigure 10B.1 Types of soil carbon sequestration.Figure 10B.2 Mechanisms of protection of soil organic carbon against microbi...

      12 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV), Antarctica.Figure 11.2 Streams (a) Priscu Stream, emerging from melt of the LaCroix Gla...Figure 11.3 Alkalinity and pH in two MDV streams over a daily hydrograph.Figure 11.4 Dissolved Si in Von Guerard hyporheic zone relative to streamwat...Figure 11.5 Chemostasis of silica, calcium, potassium, and bicarbonate in De...Figure 11.6 Stream channel erosion on Crescent Stream. Solute concentrations...

      13 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Shaded relief map of the Southeastern