Engineering Acoustics. Malcolm J. Crocker

performance of ...Figure 9.43 Elements of an active noise control system in a duct: (a) simple...Figure 9.44 Active headset in which the sound inside the headset is detected...Figure 9.45 Active noise control for fan noise reduction [146].Figure 9.46 Hybrid passive/active absorber cell [60].

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Definitions of muffler performance.Figure 10.2 Typical straight‐through reactive mufflers: (a) single expansion...Figure 10.3 Cross‐section of typical U.S. automobile muffler with flow‐rever...Figure 10.4 Examples of common commercial automobile mufflers [13].Figure 10.5 Radiated sound pressure level error due to neglect of mean flow,...Figure 10.6 Influence of mean gas flow on effectiveness of silencer. ○, meas...Figure 10.7 Power reflection and phase angle for open end tube. Solid line: ...Figure 10.8 Measured values of transmission loss for prototype automotive mu...Figure 10.9 Muffler element.Figure 10.10 Expansion chamber with inlet pipe 1 and outlet pipe 3, both of ...Figure 10.11 Transmission loss TL of an expansion chamber of length l and S₂Figure 10.12 Acoustical conditions at the side‐branch of input acoustical im...Figure 10.13 Electrical analogy of the side‐branch system shown in Figure 10...Figure 10.14 Helmholtz resonator with equivalent simple mechanical system.Figure 10.15 Calculated transmission loss of Helmholtz resonator in Example ...Figure 10.16 Quarter‐wave resonator as a side‐branch.Figure 10.17 Transmission loss for side‐branch quarter‐wave resonator in Exa...Figure 10.18 (a) Comparison of theoretical and experiment attenuation charac...Figure 10.19 Multiple‐expansion‐chamber mufflers. (a) Effect of connecting‐t...Figure 10.20 (a) Mufflers with internal connecting tubes equal in length to ...Figure 10.21 Effect of varying the conductivity c₀ and the tube length of co...Figure 10.22 (a) Effect of conductivity c₀ using connecting tubes. (b) Effec...Figure 10.23 Combination mufflers [21, 64].Figure 10.24 Four‐pole representation of muffler element.Figure 10.25 Series connection of transmission matrices.Figure 10.26 (a) Real engine‐muffler exhaust system; (b) Volume velocity ana...Figure 10.27 Reflection of sound. (a) exhaust tail pipe, P_r = R × P...Figure 10.28 (a) Volume velocity source; (b) Pressure source.Figure 10.29 (a) simple expansion chamber (b) simple expansion chamber, show...Figure 10.30 Transmission loss of simple expansion chamber [44–46]. ×, Plane...Figure 10.31 Flow‐reversing chamber with pass tube and end plate. c: distanc...Figure 10.32 Experimental system for measuring the transmission loss. A: fre...Figure 10.33 Transmission loss for SI‐SO flow‐reversing chamber (L = 2.0 in....Figure 10.34 Transmission loss for SI‐CO flow‐reversing chamber (L = 2.0 in....Figure 10.35 Transmission loss characteristics for SI‐SO muffler chambers: −...Figure 10.36 Transmission loss characteristics for SI‐SO muffler chambers: −...Figure 10.37 Predicted transmission losses for combination of SI‐CO flow‐rev...Figure 10.38 Transmission loss characteristics for combination of SI‐CO and ...Figure 10.39 Transmission loss characteristics for combination of SI‐CO and ...Figure 10.40 Transmission loss characteristics for combination of CI‐CO and ...Figure 10.41 Transmission loss for single expansion chamber with the Traditi...Figure 10.42 Transmission loss of muffler as a function of frequency: − − − ...Figure 10.43 Boundary element mesh for a simple expansion chamber muffler [8...Figure 10.44 TL for simple expansion chamber muffler in Figure 10.43: ——, BE...Figure 10.45 Sound pressure level (SPL) contour plot for the expansion chamb...Figure 10.46 Muffler model using the multidomain BEM [83].Figure 10.47 The SPL contour plot for multidomain muffler at 700 Hz [83].Figure 10.48 The transmission loss of the simple expansion chamber with leng...Figure 10.49 The transmission loss of the double expansion chamber with l_e =...Figure 10.50 Transmission loss for a short concentric tube resonator; ——, nu...Figure 10.51 Transmission loss for a long concentric tube resonator; ——, num...Figure 10.52 Transmission loss for a long concentric tube resonator with a f...Figure 10.53 Concentric tube muffler with a flow plug (L₁ = 0.0317 m, L₂ = 0...Figure 10.54 Comparison between the experimental data (−−−−) and the BEM pre...Figure 10.55 Comparison between the experimental data (−−−−) and the BEM pre...Figure 10.56 Muffler with two parallel perforated tubes (L₁ = 0.0245 m, L₂ =...Figure 10.57 (a) Comparison between the experimental data (−−−−) and the BEM...Figure 10.58 Transmission loss of a perforate muffler with flow plug [79]. ‐...Figure 10.59 Instrumentation for impedance measurements [53].Figure 10.60 (a) Specific resistance and (b) specific reactance of single or...Figure 10.61 Transmission loss for a short resonator: −−−−, predicted (solid...Figure 10.62 Transmission loss for a long resonator: −−−−, predicted (solid ...Figure 10.63 Effect of porosity on transmission loss for a short resonator, ...Figure 10.64 Resonator configuration [54].Figure 10.65 (a) The basic two‐duct element; (b) Branch point model of perfo...Figure 10.66 Transmission loss of resonator operating in (i) linear regime: ...Figure 10.67 Cross‐flow chamber configuration [54].Figure 10.68 (a) The basic three‐duct element; (b) control volume of j^th bra...Figure 10.69 Transmission loss of cross‐flow chamber operating with (i) M_∞...Figure 10.70 Theoretical insertion losses and transmission loss for an autom...Figure 10.71 Theoretical insertion losses and transmission loss for an autom...Figure 10.72 Insertion loss of an expansion chamber of the engine operating ...Figure 10.73 Radiated sound pressure level with the expansion chamber of the...Figure 10.74 (a) A sketch of a lined duct, showing the nomenclature used in ...Figure 10.75 Graph used to predict attenuation values.Figure 10.76 Normalized attenuation‐versus‐frequency curves for parallel‐baf...Figure 10.77 Normalized attenuation‐versus‐frequency curves for parallel‐baf...Figure 10.78 Attenuation of the fundamental mode in a rectangular duct with ...Figure 10.79 Attenuation of the fundamental mode in a rectangular duct with ...Figure 10.80 Predicted octave band attenuations for a rectangular duct lined...Figure 10.81 Predicted octave band attenuations for a rectangular duct lined...Figure 10.82 (a) Effect of varying the normalized flow resistance r₀ d/Z₀ on...Figure 10.83 Comparison of theoretical values with experiment for given baff...Figure 10.84 Attenuation rate for full unit silencer, (■) N₁ = 5, (□) N₁ = 2...Figure 10.85 Attenuation rate for full unit silencer, (■) R = 20, (□) R = 5,...Figure 10.86 Comparison between experimental and simulated data for silencer...Figure 10.87 Tested silencer: (a) sketch; (b) picture [143].

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Terms used with gears: (a) involute gear, (b) meshing of two par...Figure 11.2 The main types of gear in use: (a) parallel axis (straight spur,...Figure 11.3 Gear noise energy flow diagram [16].Figure 11.4 Frequency spectrum for a gear pair having a 25‐tooth pinion rota...Figure 11.5 Bearing with spherical rolling elements [18].Figure 11.6 Sliding contact bearing [18].Figure 11.7 Main types of fans with descriptions of their use and design [18...Figure 11.8 Mechanisms of fan noise generation [31].Figure 11.9 Application of a quarter‐wavelength resonator for blower BPF noi...Figure 11.10 Typical sound pressure trace during the operation of a roll for...Figure 11.11 Comparison of the sound pressure level during cutting with and ...Figure 11.12 Effect of tip speed and gullet depth (d) on aerodynamic noise g...Figure 11.13 Slotted saw blade [63].Figure 11.14 One-octave band noise levels of saw blades. Overall A‐weighted ...Figure 11.15 Saw blade noise control [63].Figure 11.16 Smoothing of force–time history for helical vs. straight knife ...Figure 11.17 (a) Use of complete panel enclosure for molder noise and (b) us...Figure 11.18 Principles of operation of several positive‐displacement compre...Figure 11.19 Types of pumps: (a) kinetic pumps, (b) reciprocating pumps, and...Figure 11.20 Continuum continuous‐contact pumps feature helical gears that d...Figure 11.21 Laboratory tests that show reduced pulsation pressure (ripple) ...Figure 11.22 Laboratory measurements of the noise of two external gear pumps...Figure 11.23 Methods for reduction of pressure pulsating in pipes [76].Figure 11.24 Schematic representation of control valve noise generation and ...Figure 11.25 Basic aerodynamic A‐weighted sound pressure level in decibels f...Figure 11.26 Pump forces result as airborne noise (not shown) and (a) struct...Figure 11.27 Flame types in burners incorporating swirl [96].

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Incident, reflected, and transmitted waves.Figure 12.2 Variation of mass law transmission loss of a single panel for so...Figure 12.3 Theoretical transmission loss of a single panel when panel mass,...Figure 12.4 Transmission loss of a single panel showing the effects of panel...Figure 12.5 Hemispherical area enclosing elemental panel area dS.Figure 12.6 Mass law transmission loss of a limp wall. The solid curves corr...Figure 12.7 Critical