Ecology. Michael Begon

point is higher in taller plants. (a) The declin...Figure 3.8 Photosynthetic capacity increases with leaf nitrogen content. The...Figure 3.9 Sun and shade leaves and plants vary in their capacities and comp...Figure 3.10 Variations in the behaviour and properties of sun and shade leav...Figure 3.11 Alternative strategies for combining photosynthesis and water co...Figure 3.12 Field capacity and the permanent wilting point in soil in relati...Figure 3.13 Roots as foragers. (a) The root system developed by a plant of w...Figure 3.14 The change in atmospheric CO₂concentration with height in a fore...Figure 3.15 Concentrations of CO₂vary, variably, with depth in Estonian lake...Figure 3.16 Aquatic plants may be limited in their photosynthetic ability by...Figure 3.17 Effects of temperature and precipitation on the proportional con...Figure 3.18 Agave species (CAM plants) exhibit high productivity due to thei...Figure 3.19 Bioengineering of a gene from cyanobacteria into soybean increas...Figure 3.20 Estimates of atmospheric CO₂concentrations over the past 600 mil...Figure 3.21 Photosynthetic activity is increased by enhanced CO₂concentratio...Figure 3.22 Stomatal conductance is decreased by enhanced CO₂concentrations,...Figure 3.23 Effects of elevated CO₂concentrations on C₃and C₄grasses are rev...Figure 3.24 Effects of CO₂enhancement on plant protein concentrations with p...Figure 3.25 Periodic table of the elements showing those that are essential ...Figure 3.26 The mineral compositions of different plants and plant parts are...Figure 3.27 Enrichment commonly leads to a switch from oxygen to (anaerobic)...Figure 3.28 Methane production increases when permafrost thaws, and its micr...Figure 3.29 The composition of various plant parts and of the bodies of anim...Figure 3.30 Resource‐dependent growth isoclines. Each of the growth is...Figure 3.31 Metabolic scaling: the relationship between metabolic rate (Y, w...Figure 3.32 Schematic representation of the two main approaches to the relat...Figure 3.33 Relationships between metabolic rate and body mass for heterotro...Figure 3.34 The allometric exponent of metabolism in plants decreases with p...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Modular plants (left) and animals (right) show the underlying par...Figure 4.2 Compilation of patterns of mortality (survivorship) and reproduct...Figure 4.3 The growth of a genet reflects the births and deaths of its compo...Figure 4.4 Integration within a plant leads to a shifting balance of positiv...Figure 4.5 Indices of abundance can provide valuable information. The abunda...Figure 4.6 Schematic life histories for unitary organisms. (a) An outline li...Figure 4.7 The composition of seed banks can be very different from the vege...Figure 4.8 Dormancy in goldenrods is enforced by defoliation. The histories ...Figure 4.9 Derivation of cohort and static life tables. See text for details...Figure 4.10 Representations of the survival of a cohort of the yellow‐bellie...Figure 4.11 Classification of survivorship curves plotting log(l_x) against a...Figure 4.12 Distribution of the shapes of survivorship curves for 37 species...Figure 4.13 Static life tables can be informative, especially when alternati...Figure 4.14 Reconstructed static life table for the modules (tillers) of a C...Figure 4.15 Life cycle graphs and population projection matrices for two dif...Figure 4.16 Populations with constant rates of survival and fecundity eventu...Figure 4.17 Elements and outcome of an integral projection model (IPM) for f...Figure 4.18 Analyses of life table response experiments (LTREs) can guide cu...Figure 4.19 Elasticity analyses can guide the management of armadillo abunda...Figure 4.20 Elasticity analysis can guide the management of thistle abundanc...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 In exploitation competition, resource levels decline as populatio...Figure 5.2 Competition may combine elements of both exploitation and interfe...Figure 5.3 Density‐dependent mortality. (a) Upper panel: the density o...Figure 5.4 Density‐dependent fecundity. (a) The fecundity (seeds per p...Figure 5.5 Density‐dependent growth. The mean length of monarch butter...Figure 5.6 Plants sown at a range of densities often grow to achieve a const...Figure 5.7 The ‘constant final yield’ of plants illustrated by a line of slo...Figure 5.8 Intraspecific competition in plants often regulates the number of...Figure 5.9 Optimal sowing rates can conserve rare weedy plants without threa...Figure 5.10 When modular organisms compete, the modules closest to neighbour...Figure 5.11 The use of k values for describing patterns