Principles of Virology, Volume 1. Jane Flint

critiques on our chapters and helped to guide our revisions: Pradeep Morris Ambrose, Ruchita Balasubramanian, Mariana Nogueira Batista, Pierre Michel Jean Beltran, Marni S. Crow, Qiang Ding, Florian Douam, Jenna M. Gaska, Laura J. Halsey, Eliana Jacobson, Orkide O. Koyuncu, Robert LeDesma, Rebecca Markham, Alexa McIntyre, Katelynn A. Milora, Laura A. M. Nerger, Morgan Pantuck, Chen Peng, Katrien Poelaert, Daniel Poston, Anagha Prasanna, Pavithran T. Ravindran, Inna Ricardo-Lax, Fabian Schmidt, Andreas Solomos, Nikhila Shree Tanneti, Sharon M. Washio, Riley M. Williams, and Kai Wu.

Since the inception of this work, our belief has been that the illustrations must complement and enrich the text. The illustrations are an integral part of the text, and credit for their execution goes to the knowledge, insight, and artistic talent of Patrick Lane of ScEYEnce Studios. A key to common figure elements is provided following the “About the Authors” section. As noted in the figure legends, many could not have been completed without the help and generosity of numerous colleagues who provided original images. Special thanks go to those who crafted figures or videos tailored specifically to our needs, or provided multiple pieces in this latest edition: Jônatas Abrahão (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Mark Andrake (Fox Chase Cancer Center), Irina Arkhipova (Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole), Brian Baker (University of Notre Dame), Ben Beaden (Australia Zoo, Queensland), Paul Bieniasz (Rockefeller University), Kartik Chandran (Albert Einstein College of Medicine), Elliot Lefkowitz (University of Alabama), Joseph Pogliano (University of California, San Diego), B.V. Venkatar Prasad and Liya Hu (Baylor College of Medicine), Bonnie Quigley (University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia), Jason Roberts (Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia), Michael Rout (Rockefeller University), and Nuria Verdaguer (Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC).

      The collaborative work undertaken to prepare the fifth edition was facilitated greatly by several authors’ retreats. ASM Press generously provided financial support for these as well as for our many other meetings over the three years that this edition has been in preparation. We thank all those who guided and assisted in its production: Christine Charlip (Director, ASM Press) for her enduring support of our efforts; Megan Angelini (Managing Developmental Editor, ASM Press) for steering us through the complexities inherent in a team effort, and for keeping us on track during production; Susan Schmidler for her elegant and creative designs for the layout and cover; and Lindsay Williams (Editorial Rights Coordinator, ASM Press) for obtaining permissions for images and figures.

      There is little doubt that in undertaking such a massive effort typographical errors and/or confusing statements still remain; we hope that the readership of this edition will help to remedy any mistakes. Even so, the three authors who have been part of this endeavor since it was first published in 1995, and the two who joined along the way, feel that with each new edition we get closer to our idealized vision of what this book would be. We aspire to convey more than information: we hope to educate, excite, and encourage future generations of science consumers. As Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, author of The Little Prince, once said: “If you want to build a ship, don’t drum up the workers to gather wood, divide the labor, and give orders. Instead, teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea.”

      This often-consuming enterprise was made possible by the emotional, intellectual, and logistical support of our families, to whom the two volumes are dedicated.

About the Authors

      L to R: Jane Flint, Vincent Racaniello, Theodora Hatziioannou, Ann Skalka, Glenn Rall

      Jane Flint is a Professor Emerita of Molecular Biology at Princeton University. Dr. Flint’s research focused on investigation of the molecular mechanisms by which viral gene products modulate host cell pathways and antiviral defenses to allow efficient reproduction in normal human cells of adenoviruses, viruses that are widely used in such therapeutic applications as gene transfer and cancer treatment. Her service to the scientific community includes membership on various editorial boards, several NIH study sections, and the NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee.

      Vincent R. Racaniello is Higgins Professor of Microbiology & Immunology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons. Dr. Racaniello has been studying viruses for over 40 years, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, enteroviruses, hepatitis C virus, and Zika virus. He teaches virology to undergraduate, graduate, medical, dental, and nursing students and uses social media to communicate the subject outside of the classroom. His Columbia University undergraduate virology lectures have been viewed by thousands at iTunes University, Coursera, and on YouTube. Vincent blogs about viruses at virology.ws and is host of the popular science program This Week in Virology, which, together with six other science podcasts, can be found at microbe.tv.

      Glenn F. Rall is a Professor and the Chief Academic Officer at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. He is an Adjunct Professor in the Microbiology and Immunology departments at the University of Pennsylvania and Thomas Jefferson, Drexel, and Temple Universities. Dr. Rall’s laboratory studies viral infections of the brain and the immune responses to those infections, with the goal of defining how viruses contribute to disease in humans. His service to the scientific community includes former membership on the Autism Speaks Scientific Advisory Board, Editor of PLoS Pathogens, Career Development Chair and Program Chair of the American Society for Virology, and membership on multiple NIH grant review panels.

Theodora Hatziioannou is a Research Associate Professor at Rockefeller University in New York. Throughout her career, Dr. Hatziioannou has worked on multiple viruses, with a particular focus on retroviruses and the molecular mechanisms that govern virus tropism and on the improvement of animal models for human disease. She is actively involved in teaching programs at the Rockefeller University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, is an editor of Journal of General Virology, and serves as a reviewer for multiple scientific journals and NIH grant review panels.

      Anna Marie Skalka is a Professor Emerita and former Senior Vice President for Basic Research at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. Dr. Skalka’s major research interests are the molecular aspects of retrovirus biology. Dr. Skalka is internationally recognized for her contributions to the understanding of the biochemical mechanisms by which such viruses (including the AIDS virus) replicate and insert their genetic material into the host genome. Both an administrator and researcher, Dr. Skalka has been deeply involved in state, national, and international advisory groups concerned with the broader, societal implications of scientific research. She has also served on the editorial boards of peer-reviewed scientific journals and has been a member of scientific advisory boards including the National Cancer Institute Board of Scientific Counselors, the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Awards Assembly, the Board of Governors of the American Academy of Microbiology, and the National Advisory Committee for the Pew Biomedical Scholars.

Key of Repetitive Elements

1 Foundations

        Luria’s Credo

        Viruses Defined

        Why We Study Viruses Viruses Are Everywhere Viruses Infect All Living Things Viruses