Introduction to Desalination. Fuad Nesf Alasfour

on facts and reasons.

      3 1.3 Can freezing desalination technology be considered as a thermal type? Explain.

      4 1.4 Sketch and explain the following processes on T–v, P–v, and T–s diagrams:Boiling.Flashing.Condensation.

      5 1.5 List the top 10 countries that produce desalted water. What is the rank of your country? List the sources of fresh water in your country.

      6 1.6 Search through the literature to obtain the following worldwide recent statistics:Potable water production.Number of desalination plants.Contribution of each type of desalination technology.Potable water production cost, specify the cost in your country, compare, and comment.

      7 1.7 Define and explain the following glossary:Corrosion.Scaling.Fouling.TDS.Turbidity.pH.

      8 1.8 Present in table form the actual values of salinities in seven selected seas, oceans, and gulfs around the world, and provide information for the nearest one to your country.

      9 1.9 Present in table form freshwater consumption per capita in seven different countries. What is the consumption per capita in your country? Explain.

      10 1.10 Define the following thermal performance parameters.Recovery ratio.Gain ratio.Performance ratio.Concentration factor.Specific energy consumption.Specific exergy consumption.

      11 1.11 Write an essay on the following desalination systems explaining the historical developments, and provide industrial examples:Thermal systems.Membrane systems.Wastewater systems.

      12 1.12 Differentiate between home and industry wastewater, and explain in terms of composition.

      13 1.13 Elaborate on the principles of wastewater desalination process. Can desalted product be considered as potable water? Explain and comment.

      14 1.14 Search through the literature and highlight on three major proposed nonconventional desalination systems that can be considered as a promising and futuristic one.

      15 1.15 Explain the following feed seawater thermo‐physical properties:Density.Viscosity.Specific heat.Enthalpy.Thermal conductivity.Boiling point elevation (BPE).Latent heat (hfg).Provide real values for three types of feedwater salinities (Appendix A).

      16 1.16 Provide recent worldwide statistics for the following:Global desalination capacity by source water type: seawater, brackish water, river, waste, etc.Global desalination capacity by technology type: MEE, MSF, vapor compression (VC), RO, electrodialysis (ED), etc.Country desalination capacity by user type: municipal, irrigation, power, industrial, etc.

      17 1.17 Provide a table that presents the pros and cons for the following: (a) three thermal desalination systems – MEE, MSF, and VC – and (b) two membrane desalination systems – RO and ED/electrodialysis reversed (EDR).

      18 1.18 Select three different desalination systems and write an essay describing their operation. Sketch and explain.

      19 1.19 Provide technical information for four selected commercial desalination systems showing their industrial specifications. Choose one from your country.

      20 1.20 Provide the value of specific energy required to desalt 1 m3 of safe water for human consumption for the following various water sources:Lake or river.Ground water.Brackish water.Seawater.Wastewater treatment.Wastewater reuse.

      21 1.21 Provide the value of power consumption trend for RO seawater desalination in the last 30 years. Sketch, explain, and justify the trend.

      22 1.22 Provide the values of salt concentration (ppm) for the following feed sources:Pacific Ocean.Atlantic Ocean.Gulf of Mexico.Arabian Gulf.North Sea.Dead Sea.Explain the reasons behind differences.

      23 1.23 Explain the following concentration units: ppm, ppt, wt%, mg/l, and mg/kg.

      24 1.24 Explain the following molar concentration units: molarity and normality.

      25 1.25 List three operational parameters that affect desalination system performance. Explain their effects.

      26 1.26 Elaborate on the effects of brine salinity on ecosystem.

      27 1.27 Through experimental work, use TDS digital indicator to examine the salinity of the following feed:Tap water (cold).Tap water (hot).Five commercial local mineral water bottles.Five commercial imported mineral water bottles.Industrial wastewater.Explain and comment.

      28 1.28 Explain the function of the following devices:Hydrometer.Viscometer.Pycnometer.Provide experimental measurements of three types of feedwater.

      29 1.29 Provide charts showing types of desalination processes based on:Type of energy used (mechanical, thermal, electrical).Type of extracted component (water, salt).

      30 1.30 Explain the status of desalination industry in your country.

      31 1.31 Elaborate on the following patents:Rillieux patent of MEE in 1943.Silver patent of MSF in 1959.

Part I Thermal Desalination Systems