The Law of Fundraising. Bruce R. Hopkins

raised; in 622 campaigns, charities retained less than one‐half of the funds raised; and in 192 campaigns, fundraising expenses exceeded revenue, for a loss of $16.7 million.

      On November 29, 2017, New York Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced a settlement with Yisroel Schulman, the former president of the New York Legal Assistance Group, Inc. (NYLAG), for breaching his fiduciary duties of care, loyalty, and obedience to NYLAG, a charity providing free legal service to low‐income New York residents, and other charities with which Schulman was affiliated. The settlement was reached after an extensive investigation by the Charities Bureau of the Attorney General's office, which led to the filing of a complaint in the New York Supreme Court. The Attorney General's investigation found that from around 1998 through 2013, Schulman diverted millions of dollars from NYLAG to other charities that he controlled. These funds were diverted to various donor‐advised funds and similar accounts. In choosing donor‐advised funds to hold NYLAG's funds instead of an investment account, Schulman breached his duty to prudently invest and safeguards the assets of NYLAG. Schulman settled with the Attorney General. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, Schulman agreed to pay $150,000 to NYLAG. The settlement also bans Schulman from serving as an officer or director of New York nonprofit organizations for five years.

A day earlier, Attorney General Schneiderman released his annual “Pennies for Charity: Where Your Money Goes; Fundraising by Professional Fundraisers” report. In 2016, more than $1.2 billion was raised in the state of New York through 987 fundraising campaigns conducted by professional fundraisers. The report found that of the $1.2 billion raised through campaigns conducted by professional fundraisers, charities received more than $822 million, or 67 percent of the proceeds, while professional fundraisers' fees totaled $403 million, or 33 percent. In the report, the Attorney General stated: “Today's report shines a light on the high percentage of charitable dollars that too often get pocketed by outside fundraisers. Our Charities Bureau will continue to hold unscrupulous or fraudulent fundraisers accountable.”

      *On July 31, 2019, New York Attorney General Letitia James announced an investigation into the website “www.NYCharities.org,” alleging that the online fundraising platform failed to distribute hundreds of thousands of dollars to New York charities in 2018 and 2019. This investigation was based on more than 100 complaints from individuals and organizations, including those with unpaid contributions ranging from $200 to more than $100,000.

§ 1.4 CONTEMPORARY REGULATORY CLIMATE

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      In September 2016, a study, conducted by the Charities Regulation and Oversight Project at Columbia Law School and the Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy at the Urban Institute, was released. This is the first organized analysis of state‐level oversight and regulation of charitable organizations. The study has three components: (1) a legal analysis of laws pertaining to charities in 56 U.S. jurisdictions; (2) a survey of state and territory offices with oversight, regulatory, and enforcement authority over charitable organizations; and (3) interviews in most of those offices. Major findings of this study include the following:

       There is no single state law of charities oversight; rather, this oversight entails a complex mix of substantive areas, including charitable trust law, governance, criminal law, solicitation and registration requirements and compliance, corporate transaction review, and conservation easements.

       Organization and staffing of state charity offices vary greatly; in 41 percent of the states, one office has primary responsibility, while in the other states responsibility is shared with other agencies or offices.

       Within an attorney general's office, 13 jurisdictions have a charities bureau; 14 jurisdictions house charities oversight within a consumer protection division.

       Most registration oversight is lodged in state attorney generals' offices (21 states), followed by offices of the secretary of state (15 states), and other state‐level charity offices, usually consumer affairs or business/financial regulation (8 states).

       Lawyers and nonlegal staff who oversee charities number approximately 355 in the 48 reporting jurisdictions.

       Thirty‐one percent of jurisdictions have less than one full‐time‐equivalent staff in this area, 51 percent of jurisdictions have between 1 and 9.9 full‐time‐equivalent staff, and 19 percent have 10 or more full‐time‐equivalent staff.

       Training of state charities regulation staff is a mix of internal and external provision, with the smaller offices less likely to provide any training and the largest offices providing in‐house training.

       States have different requirements for reporting by charities. Some rely on reporting on IRS annual information returns,^60.1 some require registration information, and some require independent audits and notification of certain transactions.

       In the 47 responding jurisdictions, 68 percent require fundraisers for charitable organizations to register, and 60 percent require charities to register.

       Twenty‐two states require charities to file independently audited financial statements; most of the jurisdictions requiring these audits have a $500,000 threshold before an audit is required.

       Where charities must inform the attorney general's office of major transactions, the top three triggers of this notice requirement are mergers (43 percent), voluntary dissolution (41 percent), and sale of assets (33 percent).

       The three most common areas of enforcement by charity offices are fundraising abuses (62 percent), trust enforcement (36 percent), and governance (36 percent).

       Of the fundraising methods overseen by state charities officials, the most common areas of oversight are telephone solicitations (82 percent), direct mail (80 percent), special events (80 percent), in‐person solicitations (80 percent), Internet‐based fundraising (76 percent), and social‐media–based solicitations (70 percent).

       State‐level enforcement actions are more likely to be informal resolutions (85 percent), involve correspondence with organizations (98 percent), settlements (88 percent), fines and penalties (80 percent), or formal litigation (e.g., injunctions) (79 percent).

       Offices vary in their efforts to provide education and outreach to the fundraising community, ranging from press releases (82 percent) to donor advisories (77 percent), training (32 percent), and webinars (7 percent).

NOTES

      1 24 These data are from Giving USA 2019: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2018, published by the Giving USA Foundation and researched and written by the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy.

      2 25 An analysis of the economics of charitable giving in 2018 appears in Haynes and Theis, “A Tough Year for Giving,” 31 Chron. of Phil. (Issue 9) 22 (July 2019).

      3 25.1 Hopkins, The Nonprofits' Guide to Internet Communication Law (John Wiley & Sons: 2003), Chapter 4.

      4 25.2 26 Chron. of Phil. (No. 13) F‐1 (May 22, 2014).

      5 25.3 Daniels and Narayanswamy, “Online Giving Grows More Sophisticated,” 26 Chron. of Phil. (No. 13) F‐3 (May 22, 2014).

      6 25.4 26 Chron. of Phil. (No. 13) F‐4 (May 22, 2014).

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