Human Metabolism. Keith N. Frayn

nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase NEAT non-exercise activity thermogenesis NEFA non-esterified fatty acid NHS DPP NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NPC1L1 Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 NPR-A natriuretic peptide-A receptor NPY neuropeptide Y OMM outer mitochondrial membrane PAMPs pathogen-associated molecular patterns PCSK9 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 PDC pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase PDX1 pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 PET positron emission tomography PFK phosphofructokinase PGC PPAR-γ co-activator Pi, PPi inorganic phosphate, pyrophosphate PKA protein kinase-A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) PKC protein kinase-C PKG protein kinase-G (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) POMC pro-opiomelanocortin PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPI proton pump inhibitor PTHrP parathyroid hormone-related protein RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAGE receptor for advanced glycation end-products RAS renin-angiotensin system REE resting energy expenditure RER respiratory exchange ratio ROS reactive oxygen species RQ respiratory quotient RXR retinoid X receptor SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus SGLT sodium-glucose cotransporter SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism SOS Swedish Obesity Study SR scavenger receptor SREBP (-1c, -2) sterol regulatory element binding protein (1c, 2) STAT Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription T₃ tri-iodothyronine T₄ thyroxine TAG or TG triacylglycerol TCA (cycle) tricarboxylic acid (cycle) TEE total energy expenditure TICE trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux TNFα tumour necrosis factor-α TNFR1, TNFRSF1A TNF receptors TR thyroid hormone receptor TSH thyroid stimulating hormone TTO (loop) transcription translation oscillating loop TZD thiazolidinedione UCP1,2,3 uncoupling protein 1, 2, 3 UDP-GlcNAc uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine UKPDS United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study USF-1 upstream stimulatory factor-1 VCO₂ rate of CO₂ production VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein V _max maximal velocity of a reaction VO₂ (max) (maximal) rate of O₂ consumption

About the companion website

      This book is accompanied by a companion website:

       www.wiley.com/go/frayn

      The website includes:

       PowerPoint slides of all the figures in the book for downloading

       Multiple choice questions

       Key learning points

       Further reading

CHAPTER 1 The underlying principles of human metabolism

      

Key learning points

       We eat food. We expend energy doing exercise, sleeping, just being. What happens to the food between it entering our mouths and its being used for energy? That’s what metabolism (at least, so far as this book is concerned) is all about.

       In order to cover the periods when we are not eating,