Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Bharat Singh

was isolated for the first time from MeOH extract of the leaves of Acacia sieberiana (Abdelhady 2013) and demonstrated antioxidant activity (Sowndhararajan et al. 2015). Three pentacyclic triterpenoids as (20R)-3-oxolupan-30-al, (20S)-3-oxolupan-30-al, and (20R)-28-hydroxylupen-30-al-3-one along with (20S)-3β-hydroxylupan-30-al, 30-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-3-one, 30-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-3β-ol, atranorin, methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoate, sitosterol-3β-O-glucoside, and linoleic acid were isolated from Acacia mellifera (Mutai et al. 2007). Two new diterpenes, (13E)-labd-13-ene-3β,8α,15-triol and (13E)-3β,8α-dihydroxylabd-13-en-15-oic acid sclareol, 13-epi-sclareol, and (13E)-labd-13-ene-8α,15-diol were also isolated from Acacia sp. (Forster et al. 1985). The triacontanol, β-sitosterol palmitate, β-sitosterol, squalene, norphytane, nonaprenol, lupenone, lupeol, daphnetin, catechin, epigallocatechin, eriodictyol, β-sitosteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and stigmasteryl-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from Acacia pennatula (Rios 2005). A yellow pigment as chalcononaringenin 2′-[O-rhamnosyl-(1→4)-xyloside] has been isolated from flowers of Acacia dealbata (Imperato 1982). The gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, catechol, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, leucocyanidin, and ellagic acid were isolated from Acacia species (Elgailani and Ishak 2016).

2.2.2 Culture Conditions

The yield of gum was increased in tissue cultures of Acacia nubeculosus by feeding ferrous, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen contents, but no significant enhancement was recorded by feeding of phosphorus and manganese contents. The addition of Aspergillus flavus (elicitor) alone or in combination with Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes increased the yield of gum higher than control (Khalil et al. 2011). In the presence of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium, the calli were formed by shoot explants (Correia and Graça 1995; Yasodha et al. 2004). Proper collection of explants with the right stages of development along with plant growth regulators induce better growth of calli Acacia species (Vengadesan et al. 2002; Quoirin 2003).

References

      1 Abdel Karim, M., Abdelwahab, A., Sayed, E., and Mahmoud, I. (2017). Physicochemical characterization of a flavone from Acacia orfota (Forssk.) Schweinf (Fabaceae). World J. Pharm. Life Sci. 3: 110–112.

      2 Abdelhady, M.I.S. (2013). A novel polyphenolic compound isolated from Acacia sieberiana. Org. Chem. Indian J. 9: 236–238.

      3 Ali, A., Akhtar, N., Khan, B.A. et al. (2012). Acacia nilotica: a plant of multipurpose medicinal uses. J. Med. Plant Res. 6: 1492–1496.

      4 Amoussa, A.M.O., Sanni, A., and Lagnika, L. (2015). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of the bark extracts of Acacia ataxacantha. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 4: 172–178.

      5 Bashir, H.S., Mohammed, A.M., Magsoud, A.S., and Shaoub, A.M. (2014). Isolation and identification of two flavonoids from Acacia nilotica (Leguminosae) leaves. J. For. Prod. Ind. 3: 211–215.

      6 Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., and Chopra, I.C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: CSIR.

      7 Chowdhury, A.R., Baberji, R., Mishra, G., and Nigam, S.K. (1983). Chemical composition of Acacia seeds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 60: 1893–1894.

      8 Clark-Lewis, J. and Porter, L. (1972). Phytochemical survey of the heartwood flavonoids of Acacia species from arid zones of Australia. Aust. J. Chem. 25: 1943–1955.

      9 Correia, D. and Graça, M.E.C. (1995). In vitro propagation of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild). IPEF 48/49: 117–125.

      10 Elgailani, I.E.H. and Ishak, C.Y. (2016). Methods for extraction and characterization of tannins from some Acacia species of Sudan. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 17: 43–49.

      11 Forster, P.G., Ghisalberti, E.L., and Jefferies, P.R. (1985). Labdane diterpenes from an Acacia species. Phytochemistry 24: 2991–2993.

      12 Harborne, J.B. (1971). Chemotaxonomy of the Leguminosae. London: Academic Press.

      13 Hiraganahalli, B.D., Chinampurdur, V.C., Dethe, S. et al. (2012). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of standardized herbal extracts. Pharmacogn. Mag. 8: 116–123.

      14 Imperato, F. (1982). A chalcone glycoside from Acacia dealbata. Phytochemistry 21: 480–481.

      15 Jain, A.K., Shimoi, K., Nakamura, Y. et al. (1987). Preliminary study on the desmutagenic and antimutagenic effect of some natural products. Curr. Sci. 56: 1266–1269.

      16 Jain, A., Katewa, S.S., Galav, P.K., and Sharma, P. (2005). Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 102: 143–157.

      17 Joshi, S.G. (2007). Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: IBH.

      18 Khalil, S.A.A., El Atta, H.A., and Aref, I.M. (2011). Increased gum arabic production after infestation of Acacia senegal with Aspergillus flavus and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes transmitted by Agrilus nubeculosus. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10: 7166–7173.

      19 Kubmarawa, D., Ajoku, G.A., Enwerem, N.M., and Okorie, D.A. (2007). Preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of 50 medicinal plants from Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 6: 1690–1696.

      20 Li, X., Wang, H., Liu, C., and Chen, R. (2010). Chemical constituents of Acacia catechu. J. Chin. Mater. Med. 35: 1425–1427.

      21 Li, X.C., Liu, C., Yang, L.X., and Chen, R.Y. (2011a). Phenolic compounds from the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 13: 826–830.

      22 Li, X.C., Yang, L.X., Wang, H.Q., and Chen, R.Y. (2011b). Phenolic compounds from the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu. Chin. Chem. Lett. 22: 1331–1334.

      23 Mahato, S.B., Pal, B.C., and Nandy, A.K. (1992). Structure elucidation of two acylated triterpenoid bisglycosides from Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. Tetrahedron 48: 6717–6128.

      24 Malan, E. and Roux, D.G. (1975). Flavonoids and tannins of Acacia species. Phytochemistry 14: 1835–1841.

      25 Mitra, S. and Sundaram, R. (2007).