Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Bharat Singh

Shanthi et al. 2011; Hussain et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2015). Similarly, pakistamide C has been isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of Abutilon pakistanicum (Ali et al. 2014).

2.1.2 Culture Conditions

      The presence of scopoletin and scoparone has showed a unique pattern of accumulation with higher levels of scopoletin during the earlier stages and scoparone in the later stages of development. The calli contained the highest amount of coumarins followed by regenerated plants developed via somatic embryogenesis (Rao et al. 2016). The callus cultures were induced on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin. Flavonoids were found in all callus extracts in comparison with their natural habitat plant parts at various habitats. The secondary metabolites of flavonoid and phenolic acid contents of A. indicum were studied at dissimilar habitats and in vitro callus culture extract. Among these studies, plants from hills and wet soil habitat showed maximum secondary metabolites than those in the other habitats (Selvam et al. 2012). The supplementation of phenylalanine to callus cultures of A. indicum showed threefold increase in quercetin content as compared with control (Sajjalaguddam and Paladugu 2015).

References

      1 Abat, J.K., Sanjay Kumar, S., and Mohanty, A. (2017). Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and ethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants of Malvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines: a review. Medicines 4: E75.

      2 Algesaboopathi, C. (1994). Medico – botanical survey of plans in Kanjamalai hills of Salem, Tamil Nadu. Anc. Sci. Life 1: 112–116.

      3 Ali, S.T., Mahmooduzzafar-Abdin, M.Z., and Iqbal, M. (2008). Ontogenetic changes in foliar features and psoralen content of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. exposed to SO2 stress. J. Environ. Biol. 29: 661–668.

      4 Ali, B., Ibrahim, M., Hussain, I. et al. (2014). Pakistamide C, a new sphingolipid from Abutilon pakistanicum. Rev. Bras. Farm. 24: 277–281.

      5 Badami, R.C., Deshpande, G.S., and Shanbhag, M.R. (1975). Minor seed oils, VII. Examination of seed oils by gas–liquid chromatography. J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India 7: 76–77.

      6 Beha, E., Jung, A., Wiesner, J. et al. (2004). Antimalarial activity of extracts of Abutilon grandiflorum G. Don – a traditional Tanzanian medicinal plant. Phytother. Res. 18: 236–240.

      7 Behenna, D.C., Stockdill, J.L., and Stoltz, B.M. (2008). The biology and chemistry of the zoanthamine alkaloids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47: 2365–2386.

      8 Berli, F.J., Moreno, D., Piccolo, P. et al. (2010). Abscisic acid is involved in the response of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Malbec leaf tissues to ultraviolet-B radiation by enhancing ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, antioxidant enzymes and membrane sterols. Plant Cell Environ. 33: 1–10.

      9 Bhattacharya, A., Sood, P., and Citovsky, V. (2010). The roles of plant phenolics in defence and communication during Agrobacterium and Rhizobium infection. Mol. Plant Pathol. 11: 705–719.

      10 Brooker, N., Windorski, J., and Blumi, E. (2008). Halogenated coumarin derivatives as novel seed protectants. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 73: 81–89.

      11 Buckle, J. (2015). Basic plant taxonomy, basic essential oil chemistry, extraction, biosynthesis, and analysis. In: Clinical Aromatherapy Essential Oils in Healthcare (ed. J. Buckle), 37–72. London: Churchill Livingstone.

      12 Burak, M. and Imen, Y. (1999). Flavonoids and their antioxidant properties. Turk. Klin. Tip Bilim. Derg. 19: 296–304.

      13 Castañeda-Ovando, A., Pacheco-Hernández, M.L., Páez-Hernández, M.E. et al. (2009). Chemical studies of anthocyanins: a review. Food Chem. 113: 859–871.

      14 Chandrashekhar, V.M., Nagappa, A.N., Channesh, T.S. et al. (2004). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Abutilon indicum Linn. leaf extracts. J. Nat. Remedies 4: 12–16.

      15 Chopra, R.N., Chopra, I.C., Handa, K.L., and Kapoor, L.D. (1958). Indigenous Drugs of India. Calcutta: Dhur UN and Sons Pvt Ltd.

      16 Croteau, R., Kutchan, T.M., and Lewis, N.G. (2000). Natural products (secondary metabolites). In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants (eds. B.B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R.L. Jones), 1250–1318. Courier Companies Inc.

      17 Davis, E.M. (2010). Advances in the enzymology of monoterpene cyclization reactions. In: Comprehensive Natural Products II: Chemistry and Biology (eds. H.-W. Liu and L. Mander), 585–608. Elsevier Science.

      18 Demie, G., Negash, M., and Awas, T. (2018). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in and around Dirre Sheikh Hussein heritage site of South-eastern Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 220: 87–93.

      19 Dinesh, V., Kashinath Bembrekar, S., and Sharma, P.P. (2013). Herbal remedies used in the treatment of scorpion sting from the Nizamabad District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sci. Res. Rep. 3: 2249–7846.

      20 Edupuganti, S., Gajula1, R.G., Kagitha, C.S., and Kazmi, N. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of Abutilon indicum. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4: 946–949.

      21 Gaind, K. and Chopra, K. (1976). Phytochemical investigation of Abutilon indicum. Planta Med. 30: 174–185.

      22 Georgiev, M.I., Weber, J., and Maciuk, A. (2009). Bioprocessing of plant cell cultures for mass production of targeted compounds. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 83: 809–823.

      23 Giday, M., Asfaw, Z., Thomas, E., and Woldu, Z. (2003). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85: 43–52.

      24 Glencross, B. (2016). Understanding the nutritional and biological constraints of ingredients to optimize their application in aquaculture feeds. In: Aquafeed Formulation (ed. S.F. Nates), 33–73. London: Academic Press.

      25 Golwala, D.K., Patel, L.D., Vaidya, S.K. et al. (2010). Anticonvulsant activity of Abutilon indicum leaf. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2: 66–71.

      26 Harborne, J.B. (1982). Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry, 2e. London: Academic Press.

      27 Hussain, M.S., Fareed, S., Ali, M., and Rahman, M.A. (2012). Validation of the method for the simultaneous estimation of bioactive marker gallic acid and quercetin in Abutilon indicum by HPTLC. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2: S76–S83.

      28 Hussain,